Introduction to Biology and Chemistry Study Guide | BIOL 1010 | Study notes Biology

BIOL 1010 Study Guides for All Units Instructor P.J. Wilson

Unit 1: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY

1. What are the levels of organization of living things? Be able to recognize examples. (The life forms

such as insect, bacteria, worms, and algae living in the soil together with all of the non-living parts

(soil, water, temperature, etc.) make up an _?__.)

2. What is the ultimate source of energy for ecosystems?

3. Energy is transferred from organism to organism by what means? (Producers transfer energy to

consumers via ___________.)

4. How are living things defined? What are the basic characteristics of living systems?

5. What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

6. What are the three Domains and what cell type is found in each? What are Kingdoms?

7. What are the basic tenants of natural selection as explained by Darwin?

8. What is the scientific method? Define the steps. What is a control? What is a variable? What is a

hypothesis?

9. Compare deductive and inductive reasoning.

BASIC CHEMISTRY

10. What is an element? What are the subparts of an atom and where are they located? What does an

atomic number represent?

11. What does a mass number represent?

12. What elements compose living organisms?

13. What are essential elements? What examples are given in the book?

14. What is a compound?

15. What is an isotope?

16. What are valence shells and how do they relate to atoms?

17. What is an IONIC bond? What are cations and anions? Know common examples of each.

18. What is a COVALENT bond? What do the terms polar and non-polar mean? Know examples of each.

19. What is electronegativity?

20. What is a HYDROGEN bond? Where does one form?

21. What gives water its unique properties?

22. What is a solution? How do they form? Why do some substances dissolve in water and others not? How

does polarity effect solubility (Why don’t oil and water mix?)

23. What is pH and how do you compare one pH to another? (How does a pH of 9 compare to a pH of 12?)

What is a buffer?

24. What are the parts of a chemical reaction? Be able to balance a simple equation.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

25. What properties of the element CARBON make it so important in forming a wide diversity of organic

molecules?

26. What is an isomer?

27. What are the characteristics of FUNCTIONAL GROUPS?

28. What is a monomer? …Polymer? Recognize specific examples of each.

29. Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

Cleveland St Community College Fall 2007

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Unit 1: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY

What are the levels of organization of living things? Be able to recognize examples. (The life forms such as insect, bacteria, worms, and algae living in the soil together with all of the non-living parts (soil, water, temperature, etc.) make up an ?_.)
What is the ultimate source of energy for ecosystems?
Energy is transferred from organism to organism by what means? (Producers transfer energy to consumers via ___________.)
How are living things defined? What are the basic characteristics of living systems?
What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What are the three Domains and what cell type is found in each? What are Kingdoms?
What are the basic tenants of natural selection as explained by Darwin?
What is the scientific method? Define the steps. What is a control? What is a variable? What is a hypothesis?
Compare deductive and inductive reasoning. BASIC CHEMISTRY
What is an element? What are the subparts of an atom and where are they located? What does an atomic number represent?
What does a mass number represent?
What elements compose living organisms?
What are essential elements? What examples are given in the book?
What is a compound?
What is an isotope?
What are valence shells and how do they relate to atoms?
What is an IONIC bond? What are cations and anions? Know common examples of each.
What is a COVALENT bond? What do the terms polar and non-polar mean? Know examples of each.
What is electronegativity?
What is a HYDROGEN bond? Where does one form?
What gives water its unique properties?
What is a solution? How do they form? Why do some substances dissolve in water and others not? How does polarity effect solubility (Why don’t oil and water mix?)
What is pH and how do you compare one pH to another? (How does a pH of 9 compare to a pH of 12?) What is a buffer?
What are the parts of a chemical reaction? Be able to balance a simple equation. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
What properties of the element CARBON make it so important in forming a wide diversity of organic molecules?
What is an isomer?
What are the characteristics of FUNCTIONAL GROUPS?
What is a monomer? …Polymer? Recognize specific examples of each.
Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

What are the building blocks of the 4 basic macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids?
What are the types of carbohydrates? (Give examples)
What are the types of lipids? (Give examples)
How is a protein defined? What makes up an amino acid (functional groups of the basic structure and what makes each a. a. unique?)
What is DNA and how is it organized? How does it compare to RNA?

Study Guide Unit 3: Energy and Metabolism

What is kinetic energy? What is potential energy? How does chemical energy fit into the definition of ENERGY?
What are the Laws of THERMODYNAMICS?
What does it mean to transfer between energy forms and how is that accomplished in living systems?
What are endergonic and exergonic reactions and how do they compare to each other?
What is a phosphorylation reaction and what is its major importance in living systems?
What is ATP and why is it important in living systems?
What is an enzyme? What is a biological catalyst? What is denaturation? What does it mean when an enzyme catalyzes a reaction, what might affect the rate of said reaction? What is an active site? What are competitive and non-competitive inhibitors?
What is a cofactor? What is a coenzyme? Give examples.
What do the terms anaerobic and aerobic mean?
What is produced during anaerobic fermentation?
What usually happens when energy is converted?
Where do the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place (be specific)?
What are the Calvin, Kreb, and Citric Acid cycles?
What is the overall equation for cellular respiration? Know the basic metabolic stages of cellular respiration, their products, the location of each process, and their relative order.
What is the structure and function of the mitochondria?
What is Glycolysis?
What is the Electron Transport Chain?
What is the overall equation for photosynthesis? Know the basic stages of photosynthesis, their products, the location of each process, and their relative order.
What is the structure and function of the chloroplast?
What is the carbon source for photosynthesis? What are the photosynthetic pigments? What is the function of light in photosynthesis? What is carbon fixation? What is a photon?
What molecule makes the oxygen during photosynthesis?
What are stomata and what do they do?
What is a light (dependent) reactions? What are light independent reactions? What are photosystem I and II? What is photophosphorylation?
What are photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs?
How do consumers obtain energy?
How do producers obtain energy?
What is are the “photosystems” in photosynthesis?
What are C 4 , C 3 and CAM plants?
What is the ultimate source of the food we eat and the oxygen we breathe?

Unit 4 Review

What is a tissue? Name the types of tissue in both plant and animal. Recognize examples.
How are plant tissues different, what are their functions?
What is the function of root hairs?
What is secondary growth?
What is bark?
How is vascular tissue arranged in different plants?
What are stomata and how do they work?
What effect does weather have on photosynthesis?
How does water move into the roots of a plant?
How do hydrostatic pressure and the pressure flow mechanism relate to transport in plants?
What are cohesion and adhesion? What effect do they have on plants?
What are the functions of different types of animal tissue?
What are plant essential nutrients? Where do they come from? How do they function? What is the primary function of micronutrients?
How are nutrients transported into and through the plant?
How do you distinguish between different types of muscle tissue?
How are tissues organized in organs? (example: small intestine)
What fills spaces between cells in animal tissue?
What is homeostasis? How is it usually controlled?
What are the different classes of food intake in animals? How do they differ?
How is digestion defined?
What are the stages of food processing and how is each defined?
What are gastrovascular cavities and what types of organisms have them?
What is the correct order of organs from entrance to exit of the human digestive system? What is the function of each?
What is peristalsis?
Where does digestion begin?
What is the epiglottis?
Where does the majority of nutrient absorption take place?
Know accessories to the digestive system and their function. (Gall bladder, tongue, salivary glands, teeth, spinchters,)
Where does the majority of water absorption take place?
What are essential amino acids? What are vitamins?
What are proteins broken down into when digested?
Name the enzymes that breakdown fats, proteins and carbohydrates.
What is the path of oxygen into the cells of the body and the route of carbon dioxide out of the body?
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
What are the parts of the respiratory systems and what are their functions?
How is inhalation achieved in humans?
How is breathing controlled by the brain? What blood gas signals breathing?
What is the proper flow of blood leaving the lungs?
How is carbon dioxide transported to the lungs?

What are the functions of the excretory system? What is the structure of the kidney and excretory system?
What is the functional unit of the kidney? How does it function? Where is it permeable to water?
How is urine excreted from the body?
What hormones effect excretion and where do they act?
How much filtrate is produced by the Bowmans capsule and what happens to it?

Unit 6 Review CHAPTER 26 & 27(PART): CHEMICAL REGULATION

How are hormones distributed to tissues and what determines which cells a hormone will affect?
What functions do hormones regulate?
Compare the endocrine system and nervous system.
What are the different classes of hormones and what are they made of?
Name the major endocrine glands of the human body.
What hormone (s) does each produce?
What is TRH, Estrogen, Progesterone, Calcitonin, Parathyroid H, Thyroxin, Oxytocin, FSH, LH, Insulin, Glucagon, Prolactin, Progesterone, Testosterone (the Androgens), Melatonin, Epinephrine,
What is the function of each? (Suggestion: MAKE a TABLE). CHAPTER 28 & 29: NERVOUS SYSTEM
What are the divisions of the nervous system? What does each do?
What are effectors?
What is the functional unit of the N.S.? What are its parts and the function of each part?
What is an Action Potential and how does it happen?
How is a chemical signal passed from neuron to neuron or neuron to effector?
What is a neurotransmitter? Know examples.
What are the parts of the brain and what does each do?
What are perception, sensation, adaptation, and transduction? (Where does each occur?)
What are the general categories of sensory receptors?
What are the layers of the eye and what is contained in each?
What are myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia, cataracts, and glaucoma? What causes each?
What is the organ of hearing? Where is it located?
What is the organ of equilibrium? Where is it located?
How is sound transferred into the ear?
Where are the olfactory receptors?
What are the taste receptors? What are the categories of taste reception?
What is integration and where does it happen?
What are photoreceptors (kinds and function) and where are they located?
What controls the pupil?
What are the layers of the eye? CHAPTER 30: HOW ANIMALS MOVE
What are the functions of a skeleton?
What are the different types of skeletons?
What are the parts of the axial and appendicular skeletons of an organism with an endoskeleton?
What are the different types of joints? What covers the contact points between the bones?
Where is fat stored in bone? Where is blood produced in bone?
What is the structure of bone?
What is osteoporosis?
What connects bone to bone? What connects muscle to bone?
What are they types of muscle?

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