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An introduction to artificial intelligence (ai), discussing its definition, operational definitions, and historical context. Various perspectives on ai, including thinking humanly, thinking rationally, and acting humanly or rationally. It also explores the challenges and debates surrounding ai, such as its hard problem status and the turing test. The document also includes a brief history of ai research and its spin-offs, like robotics, computer vision, and neural networks.
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Thinking Humanly^ Thinking Humanly `”The automation of activities that we
associate with human thinking,activities such as decision-making,problem solving, learning…” [Bellman, 1978]
Thinking Rationally^ Thinking Rationally “The study of mental faculties through
the use of computational models.” [Charniak & McDermott, 1985]
Acting Humanly ”The study of how to make computers
do things at which, at the moment,people are better.” [Rich& Knight, 1991]
Acting Rationally^ Acting Rationally “The branch of computer science that
is concerned with the automation ofintelligent behavior.” [Luger+Stubblefield, 1993]
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Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of foolinga lay person for 5 minutes.
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Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years.
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Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, languageunderstanding, learning.
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Problem: Turing test is not
reproducible, constructive
, or amenable
to
mathematical analysis. Turing (1950) ``Computing machinery and intelligence'':
Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes?
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Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic:
and
for thoughts.
Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AI.
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Problems:1. Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical
deliberation.
have?
1969
Publication of “Perceptrons” [Minsky & Papert],Neural network research almost disappears
1969-
Early development of knowledge-based systems
1970
SHRDLU, Winograd’s natural language system
1971
MACSYMA, an symbolic algebraic manipulation system
1980-
Expert systems industry booms
1981
Japan: Fifth generation projectUS: Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corp.UK: Alvey
1988-
Expert systems industry busts: ``AI Winter''
1985-
Neural networks return to popularity
1988-
Resurgence of probabilistic and decision-theoretic methodsComputational learning theory``Nouvelle AI'': ALife, GAs, soft computing
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Percept, Action, Goal, Environment (PAGE)
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Percepts^ – Video, accelerometers, engine sensors, keyboard, voice,
sound, GPS, …
Actions^ –
Steer, accelerate, brake, horn, speak/display, …
Goals^ –
Safety, reach destination, maximize profits, obey laws,passenger comfort, …
Environment^ – US urban streets, freeways, traffic, pedestrians, weather,
customers, …
