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Introduction Module: What is Systems Engineering?, Schemes and Mind Maps of Systems Engineering

Provide some common definitions of systems engineering in the context of space project development. Motivate the need for systems engineering and.

Typology: Schemes and Mind Maps

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/27/2022

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Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module
Introduction Module:
What is Systems Engineering?
SpaceSystems Engineering, version 1.0
Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 2
Module Purpose: What is Systems Engineering?
Provide some common definitions of systems
engineering in the context of space project
development.
Motivate the need for systems engineering and
demonstrate the consequences of poor systems
engineering.
Describe how systems engineering adds value to
the development of large projects.
Develop some common systems engineering
process models and show how they are related.
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Download Introduction Module: What is Systems Engineering? and more Schemes and Mind Maps Systems Engineering in PDF only on Docsity!

Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module

Introduction Module:

What is Systems Engineering?

Space Systems Engineering, version 1.

Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 2

Module Purpose: What is Systems Engineering?

Provide some common definitions of systems

engineering in the context of space project

development.

Motivate the need for systems engineering and

demonstrate the consequences of poor systems

engineering.

Describe how systems engineering adds value to

the development of large projects.

Develop some common systems engineering

process models and show how they are related.

Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 3

What is Systems Engineering?

Systems engineering is a robust approach to the design, creation, and operation of systems. The approach consists of:

  • identification and quantification of system goals
  • creation of alternative system design concepts
  • performance of design trades
  • selection and implementation of the best design
  • verification that the design is properly built and integrated, and
  • assessment of how well the system meets the goals This approach is iterative, with several increases in the resolution of the system baselines (which contain requirements, design details, verification plans and cost and performance estimates). Ares 1 Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 4
  • Systems of pieces built by different subsystem groups did not perform system functions
  • Often broke at the interfaces
  • Problems emerged and desired properties did not when subsystems designed independently were integrated
  • Managers and chief engineers tended to pay attention to the areas in which they were skilled
  • Developed systems were not usable
  • Cost overruns, schedule delays, performance problems

Original Reasons for Systems Engineering

Photo from Dec 1999 Civil Engineering magazine Vasa, Sweden, 1628

Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 7 Systems Engineering is The Response to Trends In The Design and Development of New Space Systems

New space systems are more likely to have:

Technology development A variety of subsystem technical maturities Consider and reuse existing designs Consider and incorporate COTS subsystems Mandated implementations or subsystem vendors Greater dependence on system models for design decisions More stakeholders, institutional partners, constraints and ambiguity More customer oversight and non-advocate review „System-of-systems‟ requirements More people - project sizes are growing Physically distributed design teams Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 8

NASA, DOD and Industry Call For

More and Better Systems Engineers

All of the factors identified by NASA that contributed to program

failure and significant cost overrun are systems engineering

factors , e.g.,

Inadequate requirements management

Poor systems engineering processes

Inadequate heritage design analyses in early phases

Inadequate systems-level risk management

Reference: NASA, Office of Program Analysis and Evaluation, Systems Engineering and Institutional Transitions Study, April 5, 2006. Reproduced in National Academies book - Building a Better NASA Workforce: Meeting the Workforce Needs for the National Vision for Space Exploration.

Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 9

Systems Engineering is

Built on the Lessons of the Past

Systems engineering is a relatively new engineering

discipline that is rapidly growing as systems get

larger and more complex.

Most of the foundations of systems engineering are

built on the lessons of past projects.

Recurring mission success is codified in techniques

and guidelines (e.g., the NASA Systems Engineering

Handbook).

Since mission failures are each unique, their lessons

retain their identity.

NASA Lessons Learned Resources: http://www.appel.nasa.gov/ask/archives/lessons.php http://pbma.nasa.gov/lessonslearned_main_cid_ http://ildp1.nasa.gov/offices/oce/llis/home/ http://klabs.org/DEI/lessons_learned/ Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 10 Declining Systems Engineering Expertise Contributes to a Spectacular Satellite Failure Future Imagery Architecture - FIA - a $5 billion (award) spy satellite system was behind schedule and expected costs to complete were $13 billion over budget. The optical satellite system of FIA was canceled in 2005 after 6 years and spending more than $4 billion. “ … (a) factor was a decline of American expertise in systems engineering, the science and art of managing complex engineering projects to weigh risks, gauge feasibility, test components and ensure that the pieces come together smoothly.” NYT, 11/11/

Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 13

  • Most of the NASA project data used for the „Werner Gruhl plot‟ are more than 20 years old.
  • A study of 40, more recent NASA missions (including those below) showed an average cost growth of 27% and an average schedule growth of 22%.

Cost and Schedule Overruns Continue

to be a Problem on Space Projects

  • Discovery
  • NEAR
  • Lunar Prospector
  • Genesis
  • Messenger
  • Mars Pathfinder
  • Stardust
  • Contour
  • Deep Impact
  • Mars Exploration
  • MGS
  • MCO/MPL
  • MER
  • MRO
    • New Millennium
    • DS- 1
    • EO- 1
    • Explorer
    • FAST
    • ACE
    • TRACE
    • SWAS
    • WIRE
    • FUSE
    • IMAGE
    • MAP
    • HESSI
    • GALEX
    • SWIFT
    • HETE-II
    • THEMIS
      • Great Observatory Class
      • Spitzer
      • Gravity Probe B
      • Flagship
      • EOS-Aqua
      • EOS-Aura
      • TRMM
      • Solar Terrestrial Probe
      • TIMED
      • STEREO
      • Other
      • LANDSAT- 7
      • SORCE
      • ICESAT Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 14

Systems Engineering Process Models

Begin with Reductionism

Reductionism, a fundamental technique of systems

engineering, decomposes complex problems into

smaller, easier to solve problems - divide and

conquer is a success strategy.

Systems engineering divides complex development

projects by product and phase.

Decomposing a product creates a hierarchy of

progressively smaller pieces; e.g.,

System, Segment, Element, Subsystem, Assembly, Subassembly, Part

Decomposing the development life of a new project

creates a sequence of defined activities; e.g.,

Need, Specify, Decompose, Design, Integrate, Verify, Operate, Dispose

Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 15

A Traditional View of the Systems Engineering

Process Begins with Requirements Analysis

Systems Analysis,

Optimization & Control

Requirements

Analysis

Functional

Allocation

Synthesis/

Design

Requirements Loop Design Loop Verification Loop Understand the requirements and how they affect the way in which the system must function. Identify a feasible solution that functions in a way that meets the requirements Show that the synthesized design meets all requirements Measure progress and effectiveness; assess alternatives; manage configuration, interfaces, data products and program risk Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module The Systems Engineering ‘Vee’ Model Extends the Traditional View with Explicit Decomposition and Integration Mission Requirements & Priorities System Demonstration & Validation Develop System Requirements & System Architecture Allocate Performance Specs & Build Verification Plan Design Components Integrate System & Verify Performance Specs Component Integration & Verification Verify Component Performance Fabricate, Assemble, Code & Procure Parts

Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 19

Good Systems Engineering Requires

Competency in at Least 3 Domains

The NASA systems engineering engine has 17 process activities or systems engineering functions for system design, realization and management. But good systems engineering also requires technical domain and personal attribute competency. This view is captured by the JPL system engineering competency model. Systems Engineering Functions Captured by the 17 process activities Personal Behaviors Domain Specific Technical Knowledge Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 20

What is a System?

Simply stated, a system is an integrated composite of people, products, and processes that provide a capability to satisfy a stated need or objectives. What are examples of a system in the aerospace industry? Personnel Facilities Processes Hardware

Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 21

Examples of Systems

Space Shuttle Main Engine vs. a collection of parts

Space Shuttle Orbiter with engines and avionics

Space Shuttle Orbiter with solid rocket boosters and

external fuel tank

Space Transportation System (STS) with payload,

launch pad, mission controllers, vehicle assembly

facilities, trainers and simulators, solid rocket booster

rescue ships…

“System of Systems”

STS + International Space Station + TDRSS communication satellites +… Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 22

Module Summary: What is Systems Engineering?

Systems engineering is a robust approach to the design, creation, and operation of systems. Systems engineering is a ubiquitous and necessary part of the development of every space project. The function of systems engineering is to guide the engineering of complex systems. Most space projects struggle keeping to their cost and schedule plans. Systems engineering helps reduce these risks. Systems engineering decomposes projects in both the product and time domain, making smaller problems that are easier to solve. System decomposition and subsequent system integration are foundations of the Vee and the NASA systems engineering process models.

Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 25

Systems Engineering -

Further Considerations

Systems engineering is a standardized, disciplined

management process for development of system

solutions that provides a constant approach to

system development in an environment of change

and uncertainty.

It also provides for simultaneous product and process

development, as well as a common basis for

communication.

Systems engineering ensures that the correct

technical tasks get done during development

through planning, tracking and coordinating.

Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 26

Systems Engineering Process

  • The systems engineering process is a top-down,

comprehensive, and iterative problem-solving

process, applied through all stages of development,

that is used to:

  • Transform needs and requirements into a set of system product and process descriptions (adding value and more detail with each level of development)
  • Generate information for decision makers, and
  • Provide input for the next level of development.
  • The fundamental systems engineering activities are
  • Requirements analysis
  • Functional analysis/allocation
  • Design synthesis

Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 27

  • System – The combination of elements that function together to produce the capability required to meet a need. The elements include all hardware, software, equipment, facilities, personnel, processes, and procedures needed for this purpose.
  • Systems Engineering – A disciplined approach for the definition, implementation, integration and operation of a system (product or service). The emphasis is on achieving stakeholder functional, physical and operational performance requirements in the intended use environments over its planned life within cost and schedule constraints. Systems engineering includes the engineering processes and technical management processes that consider the interface relationships across all elements of the system, other systems or as a part of a larger system.
  • The discipline of systems engineering uses techniques and tools appropriate for use by any engineer with responsibility for designing a system as defined above. That includes subsystems.
  • Project Management – The process of planning, applying, and controlling the use of funds, personnel, and physical resources to achieve a specific result Unless specifically noted hereafter we will use “Systems Engineering” to refer to the discipline not the organization.

System, Systems Engineering, and Project Management

Space Systems Engineering: Introduction Module 28

Common Technical Processes to Manage the Technical

Aspect of the Project Life Cycle - NASA Model ( 7123.1A)

The Systems Engineering Engine