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Pharmacology
The study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processesstudy of drug origins and effects on the body TERM 2
Pharmakon
DEFINITION 2 (Greek word) means drug, spell, charm, incantation TERM 3
Logos
DEFINITION 3 Greek word) means reason, mind TERM 4
Pharmacotherapeutic
DEFINITION 4 Use of drugs to treat disease. TERM 5
Idiopathic
DEFINITION 5 disease without known cause
Iatrogenic
A disease caused by a physician or caregiver. In US, 2000 deaths/year. Catheter causes infection, chemotherapy causes hair loss, drug errors etc TERM 7
Idiosyncratic
DEFINITION 7 individual reaction to a drug or treatment. TERM 8
Pharmacokinetics
DEFINITION 8 what body does to the drug TERM 9
pharmacodynamics
DEFINITION 9 what drug does to the body TERM 10
Pharmacopeia
DEFINITION 10 official formulas of drugs. First US Pharmacopeia published in 1906
Ficks Law
The passive flux of drugs down a concentration gradientMolecules/unit time = (C1-C2) Area (permeability coeff) ThicknessC1 = high concentration, C2 = low concentrationThickness is the path length,Lipid:water partition is the major determinant that drives drugs across membranes. TERM 17
Henderson-Hasselbach Equation
DEFINITION 17 Ionized, polar drugs are water soluble.Ionized drugs pass through lipid membranes poorly.pH = pKa + log protonated/unprotonatedUncharged drugs a lipid soluble TERM 18
Ion-trapping (drug ionization)
DEFINITION 18 Most drugs are eliminated through the kidney into the urine.Urine can be adjusted in pH to ensure that the drug is water soluble, remains in the urine and is not highly reabsorbed which requires that the drug be lipid soluble.Weak acid drugs, make urine alkaline.Weak basic drugs, make urine acidic TERM 19
Diffusion
DEFINITION 19 Ionized drugs are not lipid soluble (will not pass lipid membranes).Aspirin, pKa = 3.5, at pH 3.5, half the molecule is ionized, half unionized. Increase urine pH to 7 or 8 (iv sodium bicarbonate), drug is fully ionized.Drug is trapped in water (urine) and not reabsorbed in kidney.Methamphetamine pKa = 10, acidify urine to pH 3.0 (Vitmain C po or iv). TERM 20
Changing the pH of urine
DEFINITION 20 Acidifers Ammonium chlorideAscorbic acidAcid phosphates (K-Phos) Alkalinizers Sodium bicarbonatePotassium citrateSodium citrate and citric acid combination
Three Types of Bonds to Receptors
Covalent, aspirin and cyclooxygenase in platelets.Electrostatic, weak binding, most commonHydrophobic, weaker bonds. Weak binding requires a very close fit between a receptor and the drug. This results in greater specificity TERM 22
Drug Shape
DEFINITION 22 Chirality (stereoisomerism), most drugs exist a chiral molecules. A drugs shape must be complimentary to its receptor.Racemic mixture drug exist as both left and right hand drugs which reduces their specificity.
