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Prepared by: IAASB (March 2007) Page 1 of 14
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING 210
TERMS OF AUDIT ENGAGEMENTS
Introduction
- The purpose of this International Standard on Auditing (ISA) is to establish standards and provide guidance on: (a) Agreeing the terms of the engagement with the client; and (b) The auditor’s response to a request by a client to change the terms of an engagement to one that provides a lower level of assurance.
- The auditor and the client should agree on the terms of the engagement. The agreed terms would need to be recorded in an audit engagement letter or other suitable form of contract.
- This ISA is intended to assist the auditor in the preparation of engagement letters relating to audits of financial statements.
- In some countries, the objective and scope of an audit and the auditor’s obligations are established by law. Even in those situations the auditor may still find audit engagement letters informative for their clients.
Audit Engagement Letters
- It is in the interest of both client and auditor that the auditor sends an engagement letter, preferably before the commencement of the engagement, to help in avoiding misunderstandings with respect to the engagement. The engagement letter documents and confirms the auditor’s acceptance of the appointment, the objective and scope of the audit, the extent of the auditor’s responsibilities to the client and the form of any reports.
Agreement on Written Representations
- The auditor should obtain the acknowledgement and agreement of management and, where appropriate, those charged with governance that they understand their responsibilities for:
- Preparing and presenting the financial statements
This document is the “Close-Off” version of ISA 210, which was provided to the Task Force by IFAC Staff (6 Jan.07) to be used as the base document (starting point) for the Clarity Redraft of ISA 210.
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- Designing, implementing, and maintaining internal control relevant to the preparation and presentation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error
- Providing complete information to the auditor
- ISA 200, “Objective and General Principles Governing an Audit of Financial Statements” states that audits are conducted on the premises that these responsibilities are acknowledged and understood by management and, where appropriate, those charged with governance. These premises are fundamental to the ability to conduct an effective independent audit, but there may be a risk that these premises may not be understood by management or those charged with governance. To avoid misunderstanding, agreement is reached with management and, where appropriate, those charged with governance about their responsibilities as part of agreeing the terms of engagement. Since [proposed] ISA 580, “Written Representations” requires the auditor to obtain written representations about the validity of these premises, it may also be appropriate to make management aware that receipt of such representations from relevant persons will be expected together with, where appropriate, specific written representations. It also may be useful to agree with management or those charged with governance who the relevant persons are expected to be.
- Where management or those charged with governance will not make the necessary acknowledgements and agreements, or will not provide the necessary general written representations, the auditor will be unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. In such circumstances, it may not be appropriate for the auditor to accept the engagement. In some cases, however, law or regulation prevents the auditor from refusing an engagement. In these cases, the auditor may need to explain to management and those charged with governance the importance of these matters, and the implications for the auditor’s report.
P RINCIPAL C ONTENTS
- The form and content of audit engagement letters may vary for each client, but they would generally include reference to:
- The objective of the audit of financial statements.
- Management’s responsibility for the financial statements as described in ISA 200.
- The financial reporting framework adopted by management in preparing the financial statements, i.e., the applicable financial reporting framework.
- The scope of the audit, including reference to applicable legislation, regulations, or pronouncements of professional bodies to which the auditor adheres.
- The form of any reports or other communication of results of the engagement.
- The fact that because of the test nature and other inherent limitations of an audit, together with the inherent limitations of internal control, there is an unavoidable risk that even some material misstatement may remain undiscovered; and
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Agreement on the Applicable Financial Reporting Framework
- The terms of the engagement should identify the applicable financial reporting framework.
- The auditor should accept an engagement to audit financial statements only when the auditor concludes that the applicable financial reporting framework is acceptable or, subject to paragraph 25, when law or regulation prescribes the use of the financial reporting framework.
- A condition for acceptance of an assurance engagement is that the criteria referred to in the definition of an assurance engagement are suitable and available to intended users. Criteria are the benchmarks used to evaluate or measure the subject matter including, where relevant, benchmarks for presentation and disclosure. Suitable criteria are required for reasonably consistent evaluation or measurement of a subject matter within the context of professional judgment. For purposes of the ISAs, the applicable financial reporting framework provides the criteria the auditor uses to evaluate or measure the preparation and presentation of the financial statements.
- Without an acceptable financial reporting framework management does not have an appropriate basis for preparing and presenting the financial statements and the auditor does not have suitable criteria for evaluating the entity’s financial statements. In many cases the auditor may presume that the financial reporting framework is acceptable, as described in paragraphs 20 and 21 of this ISA.
D ETERMINING THE A CCEPTABILITY OF THE A PPLICABLE F INANCIAL R EPORTING F RAMEWORK
- Factors that may affect the auditor’s determination of the acceptability of the applicable financial reporting framework include:
- The nature of the entity (for example, whether it is a business enterprise, a public sector entity or a not for profit organization);
- The purpose of the financial statements (for example, whether they are prepared to meet the common financial information needs of a wide range of users or the financial information needs of specific users);
- The nature of the financial statements (for example, whether the financial statements are a complete set of financial statements or a single financial statement); and
- Whether applicable legislative and regulatory requirements prescribe the applicable financial reporting framework.
- Many users of financial statements are not in a position to demand financial statements tailored to meet their specific information needs. While all the information needs of specific users cannot be met, there are financial information needs that are common to a wide range of users. Financial statements prepared and presented in accordance with a financial reporting framework designed to meet the common financial information needs of a wide range of users are referred to as “general purpose financial statements.”
- In some cases, the financial statements will be prepared and presented in accordance with a
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financial reporting framework designed to meet the financial information needs of specific users. Such financial statements are referred to as “special purpose financial statements.” The financial information needs of the intended users will determine the applicable financial reporting framework in these circumstances. ISA 800 (Revised), “Special Considerations— Audits of Special Purpose Financial Statements and Specific Elements, Accounts or Items of a Financial Statement” discusses the acceptability of financial reporting frameworks designed to meet the financial information needs of specific users.
General Purpose Frameworks
Financial Reporting Standards
- At present, there is no objective and authoritative basis that has been generally recognized globally for judging the acceptability of general purpose frameworks. In the absence of such a basis, financial reporting standards established by organizations that are authorized or recognized to promulgate standards to be used by certain types of entities are presumed to be acceptable for general purpose financial statements prepared and presented by such entities provided the organizations follow an established and transparent process involving deliberation and consideration of the views of a wide range of stakeholders. Examples of such financial reporting standards include:
- International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) promulgated by the International Accounting Standards Board;
- International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) promulgated by the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board; and
- Accounting principles promulgated by an authorized or recognized standards setting organization in a particular jurisdiction.
These financial reporting standards are often identified as the applicable financial reporting framework in legislative and regulatory requirements governing the preparation and presentation of general purpose financial statements.
Financial Reporting Frameworks Prescribed by Law or Regulation
- In some jurisdictions, law or regulation may prescribe the financial reporting framework to be used by management in preparing and presenting general purpose financial statements for certain types of entities. In the absence of indications to the contrary, such a financial reporting framework is presumed to be acceptable for general purpose financial statements prepared and presented by such entities.
Financial Reporting Standards Supplemented by Law or Regulation
- In some jurisdictions, legislative or regulatory requirements may supplement the financial reporting standards established by an authorized or recognized standards setting organization with additional requirements relating to preparing and presenting financial statements. This may, for example, be the case when legislative or regulatory requirements prescribe disclosures in addition to those required by the financial reporting standards or when they narrow the range of acceptable choices that can be made within the financial reporting
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Wording Used to Express the Opinion
- When law or regulation prescribes wording for the opinion in the auditor’s report that differs significantly from the wording described in the ISAs, the auditor considers whether there may be a risk that users might misunderstand the assurance obtained in the audit of the financial statements. In such circumstances, the auditor considers whether the risk of misunderstanding can be mitigated through appropriate explanation in the auditor’s report (see ISA 706). If the auditor concludes that the risk of misunderstanding cannot be mitigated through appropriate explanation in the auditor’s report, the auditor should not accept the engagement.
- Law or regulation, however, may prohibit the auditor from refusing the engagement. An audit conducted in accordance with such law or regulation does not comply with the ISAs.
Recurring Audits
- On recurring audits, the auditor should consider whether circumstances require the terms of the engagement to be revised and whether there is a need to remind the client of the existing terms of the engagement.
- The auditor may decide not to send a new engagement letter each period. However, the following factors may make it appropriate to send a new letter:
- Any indication that the client misunderstands the objective and scope of the audit.
- Any revised or special terms of the engagement.
- A recent change of senior management or those charged with governance.
- A significant change in ownership.
- A significant change in nature or size of the client’s business.
- Legal or regulatory requirements.
- A change in the financial reporting framework adopted by management in preparing the financial statements
Acceptance of a Change in Engagement
- An auditor who, before the completion of the engagement, is requested to change the engagement to one which provides a lower level of assurance, should consider the appropriateness of doing so.
- A request from the client for the auditor to change the engagement may result from a change in circumstances affecting the need for the service, a misunderstanding as to the nature of an audit or related service originally requested or a restriction on the scope of the engagement, whether imposed by management or caused by circumstances. The auditor would consider carefully the reason given for the request, particularly the implications of a restriction on the scope of the engagement.
- A change in circumstances that affects the entity’s requirements or a misunderstanding
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concerning the nature of service originally requested would ordinarily be considered a reasonable basis for requesting a change in the engagement. In contrast a change would not be considered reasonable if it appeared that the change relates to information that is incorrect, incomplete or otherwise unsatisfactory.
- Before agreeing to change an audit engagement to a related service, an auditor who was engaged to perform an audit in accordance with the ISAs would consider, in addition to the above matters, any legal or contractual implications of the change.
- If the auditor concludes that there is reasonable justification to change the engagement and if the audit work performed complies with the ISAs applicable to the changed engagement, the report issued would be that appropriate for the revised terms of engagement. In order to avoid confusing the reader, the report would not include reference to: (a) The original engagement; or (b) Any procedures that may have been performed in the original engagement, except where the engagement is changed to an engagement to undertake agreed-upon procedures and thus reference to the procedures performed is a normal part of the report.
- Where the terms of the engagement are changed, the auditor and the client should agree on the new terms.
- The auditor should not agree to a change of engagement where there is no reasonable justification for doing so. An example might be an audit engagement where the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding receivables and the client asks for the engagement to be changed to a review engagement to avoid a qualified audit opinion or a disclaimer of opinion.
- If the auditor is unable to agree to a change of the engagement and is not permitted to continue the original engagement, the auditor should withdraw and consider whether there is any obligation, either contractual or otherwise, to report to other parties, such as those charged with governance or shareholders, the circumstances necessitating the withdrawal.
Limitation on Scope Prior to Engagement Acceptance
- A limitation on the scope of the auditor’s work may sometimes be imposed by management prior to engagement acceptance (for example, when the terms of the engagement specify that the auditor will not carry out an audit procedure that the auditor believes is necessary).
- If management imposes a limitation on the scope of the auditor’s work in the terms of a proposed engagement such that the auditor believes the limitation will result in the auditor disclaiming an opinion on the financial statements, the auditor should not accept such a limited engagement as an audit engagement, unless required by law or regulation to do so.
Effective Date
- This ISA is effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after [date].
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Appendix 1: Example of an Engagement Letter
The following is an example of an engagement letter for an audit of general purpose financial statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards. This letter is to be used as a guide in conjunction with the considerations outlined in this ISA and will need to be varied according to individual requirements and circumstances. To the Board of Directors or the appropriate representative of senior management: You have requested that we audit the financial statements of …………, which comprise the balance sheet as at ..............., and the income statement, statement of changes in equity and cash flow statement for the year then ended, and a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory notes. We are pleased to confirm our acceptance and our understanding of this engagement by means of this letter. Our audit will be conducted with the objective of our expressing an opinion on the financial statements. We will conduct our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing. Those Standards require that we comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor’s judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Because of the test nature and other inherent limitations of an audit, together with the inherent limitations of any accounting and internal control system, there is an unavoidable risk that even some material misstatements may remain undiscovered. In making our risk assessments, we consider internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control. However, we expect to provide you with a separate letter concerning any material weaknesses in the design or implementation of internal control over financial reporting that come to our attention during the audit of the financial statements. 1 We remind you that the responsibility for the preparation of financial statements that present fairly the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of the company in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards is that of the management of the company. Our auditors’ report will explain that management is responsible for the preparation and the fair presentation of the
(^1) In some jurisdictions, the auditor may have responsibilities to report separately on the entity’s internal control. In such
circumstances, the auditor reports on that responsibility as required in that jurisdiction. The reference in the auditor’s report on the financial statements to the fact that the auditor’s consideration of internal control is not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control may not be appropriate in such circumstances.
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financial statements in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework and this responsibility includes:
- Designing, implementing and maintaining internal control relevant to the preparation of financial statements that are free from misstatement, whether due to fraud or error;
- Selecting and applying appropriate accounting policies; and
- Making accounting estimates that are appropriate in the circumstances.
As part of our audit process, we will request from management written confirmation concerning representations made to us in connection with the audit.
We look forward to full cooperation from your staff and we trust that they will make available to us whatever records, documentation and other information are requested in connection with our audit.
[ Insert additional information here regarding fee arrangements and billings, as appropriate.]
Please sign and return the attached copy of this letter to indicate that it is in accordance with your understanding of the arrangements for our audit of the financial statements.
XYZ & Co.
Acknowledged on behalf of ABC Company by
(signed) ...................... Name and Title Date
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(e) Understandability, in that the information in the financial statements is clear and comprehensive and not subject to significantly different interpretation.
- The auditor may decide to compare the accounting conventions to the requirements of an existing financial reporting framework considered to be acceptable. For example, the auditor may compare the accounting conventions to IFRSs. For an audit of a small entity, the auditor may decide to compare the accounting conventions to a financial reporting framework specifically developed for such entities by an authorized or recognized standards setting organization. When the auditor makes such a comparison and differences are identified, the decision as to whether the accounting conventions adopted by management in preparing and presenting the financial statements constitute an acceptable financial reporting framework includes considering the reasons for the differences and whether application of the accounting conventions, or the description of the financial reporting framework in the financial statements, could result in financial statements that are misleading.
- A conglomeration of accounting conventions devised to suit individual preferences is not an acceptable financial reporting framework for general purpose financial statements. Similarly, a compliance framework will not be an acceptable financial reporting framework, unless it is generally accepted in the particular jurisdictions by preparers and users.
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