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Intro To Sociology (SOC-210)| 2025| Exam
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Sociology was developed in the 18th and 19th centuries to. ✔️ ✔️ Better understand societal change.
Caleb thought his research would find that college students cared more about partying than grades, but he was surprised to find that grades were more often the first priority in the students he surveyed. What should Caleb do next? ✔️ ✔️ His theory needs to be adjusted.
The individualistic perspective is problematic because it. ✔️ ✔️ Fosters the impression that individuals are not influenced by their environments
Which statement is TRUE of good generalizations? ✔️ ✔️ They are based on social scientific research.
Why is a sociologically informed public important for a democratic society? ✔️ ✔️ Sociology helps individuals distinguish between good generalizations and stereotypes.
How can the study of sociology benefit individuals and society? ✔️ ✔️ Sociology can help people distinguish between good information and fake news.
focuses on how society and individuals influence each other. ✔️ ✔️ Sociology
What is a valuable workplace skill often acquired by studying sociology? ✔️ ✔️ The increaseduse of critical thinking.
An oversimplified and predetermined belief about a person or group of people refers to a
. ✔️ ✔️ Stereotype.
Jane Addams is remembered for. ✔️ ✔️ Founding the settlement house movement.
The application of sociological research helps us to understand and address. ✔️ ✔️ Economic inequality and racism.
is used to make connections between individual and societal viewpoints. ✔️ ✔️ A sociological imagination.
Who developed the concept of the sociological imagination? ✔️ ✔️ C. Wright Mills
How was the Industrial Revolution a factor in the formation of sociology as a discipline? ✔️ ✔️ It changed where people lived and how they worked.
occurs when groups of people are described in over-all terms. ✔️ ✔️ Generalizations.
What is a sociologist doing when she makes a good generalization? ✔️ ✔️ Pointing out social patterns.
Who is credited with naming the field of sociology? ✔️ ✔️ August Comte
Which statement is an example of a good generalization? ✔️ ✔️ Women are more likely to experience sexism.
A sociologist would learn more about how a given society functions by. ✔️ ✔️ conducting scientific research.
How would Karl Marx explain alienation? ✔️ ✔️ As a means of preventing workers from reaching their full potential.
A woman buys a designer dress to wear to her high school reunion and talks to others about her successful career and new house. Which of these is considered a prop that the woman is using in the front stage of the reunion? ✔️ ✔️ the designer dress
What is an example of a manifest function of the family? ✔️ ✔️ socializing children.
When we say that society determines what is "reasonable," we mean that it is. ✔️ ✔️ socially constructed
In Marx's view of capitalism, he labeled the factory workers as the. ✔️ ✔️ proletariat
According to social functionalists, social change _. ✔️ ✔️ should be done slowly to maintain equilibrium
Which level of analysis focuses on large-scale structural and societal forces? ✔️ ✔️ Macro.
What major sociological perspective is Karl Marx associated with? ✔️ ✔️ Conflict.
What is a goal of structural functionalism? ✔️ ✔️ social cooperation.
According to Karl Marx, when a working-class person understands the upper class's use of exploitation, they can achieve. ✔️ ✔️ true consciousness
Structural functionalism focuses on , such as the family, religion, or education. ✔️ ✔️ institutions
A social status consists of , which are defined by tasks and behaviors that are elements status. ✔️ ✔️ roles
By focusing on social order and harmony, structural functionalism can often overlook. ✔️ ✔️ the benefit of social change
When using structural functionalist theoretical perspective, sociologists focus on. ✔️ ✔️ social harmony and social order
Symbolic Interactionism falls under which theoretical perspective? ✔️ ✔️ Micro
Two sociologists are working in the marketing department of a large company. john happened to mention that he had just gotten a raise, for which he was eternally grateful to the company because he hadn't had a raise in five years. melinda said that was disgraceful; the company was totally taking advantage of him and profiting off his work, and they should have given him a raise and a promotion years ago. melinda most likely subscribes to the perspective. ✔️ ✔️ conflict
Marx envisioned a(n) society where all citizens would be equal, but this vision has never become a reality. ✔️ ✔️ communist
What are the three main theoretical perspectives of sociology? ✔️ ✔️ Structural functionalism, conflict, and symbolic interaction.
According to structural functionalist theory, if you violate society's norms by breaking the law, your punishment will serve to. ✔️ ✔️ keep your bad behavior from spreading in the community
What is the latent function of schools? ✔️ ✔️ Providing children daytime supervision.
Jamal is conducting research on a topic that has not been researched before, hoping to discover new knowledge about the topic. In this role, Jamal is a of knowledge. ✔️ ✔️ producer
"I believe that abortion should be legal in all cases," is an example of a(n) statement. ✔️ ✔️ normative
The distillation of raw data into useful information is known as. ✔️ ✔️ data analysis
When a researcher tells his participants about the study being conducted, what they will be asked to do, and any potential harms, he is demonstrating. ✔️ ✔️ informed consent
A researcher conducts a study about student experiences in online classes. The researcher provides a label for the different responses so that they can be classified into categories. What is the researcher doing? ✔️ ✔️ coding.
A researcher is conducting a study about the work nurses do on a daily basis. The researcher enters the names of all nurses working at a hospital into a computer program that automatically chooses 25 for interviews. This demonstrates. ✔️ ✔️ random sampling
Who has been collecting data on social and political opinion since 1972 and makes it available to researchers at no charge? ✔️ ✔️ the General Social Survey.
Researchers not only watch interactions occurring in a study they are conducting, but also interact in the social context. These researchers are engaging in. ✔️ ✔️ participant- observation
How are research skills useful outside of the workplace? ✔️ ✔️ They help us make better choices.
A social scientist says that society would improve if all households made the same income. This is an example of a(n) statement. ✔️ ✔️ normative
A professor conducts a study using students as participants. Some of the students wanted to drop out of the study, but the professor told them they needed to stay in the study in order to provide valid results. What was violated in this study? ✔️ ✔️ informed consent
A researcher is starting a study and wants to read what others have documented about similar studies. What is this researcher engaging in? ✔️ ✔️ literature review.
is best described as the systematic process of data collection in order to produce knowledge. ✔️ ✔️ research
A group or society's way of life, including characteristics that make it different from other groups or societies, refers to. ✔️ ✔️ culture
While at a restaurant, a female server must smile at all customers in order to appear friendly and approachable, even if she is not in the mood to do so. This is an example of a societal. ✔️ ✔️ norm
According to George Murdock, each country has a unique culture, but there are some cultural practices that exist in most or all societies. These are called. ✔️ ✔️ cultural universals
If a person is caught stealing from a store, this person has broken one of societies. ✔️ ✔️ mores
A cultural group that exists within another, larger culture is a. ✔️ ✔️ subculture
Most shoppers look for the end of the line to wait to pay for their items. How do they arrive at this behavior? ✔️ ✔️ They exercise the social norms they have learned about shopping.
The development of hand tools and the domestication of animals were the precursor to societies. ✔️ ✔️ horticultural/pastoral
According to sociologist Robin Williams, which of these is least likely to be considered an American value? ✔️ ✔️ cooperation and sharing
A series of symbols people use to communicate meaning is called. ✔️ ✔️ language
What is an important element of culture? ✔️ ✔️ beliefs
What is typically the first agent of socialization for children? ✔️ ✔️ family.
We experience when we have competing demands within a particular social role and status. ✔️ ✔️ role strain
In describing social life and the different regions, Goffman refers to the "backstage" as an area
. ✔️ ✔️ In which one no longer has to perform.
What is an example of a total institution? ✔️ ✔️ prison.
The field of study pioneered by Harold Garfinkel that studies the ordinary methods people use to make sense of their social interactions is called _. ✔️ ✔️ ethnomethodology.
Which of these would be considered a primary group? ✔️ ✔️ Marta and her three sisters.
Which of these is an example of gender socialization? ✔️ ✔️ A young girl wants a ty truck for her birthday, but her parents buy her a Barbie van instead.
When scientists study children who have lived in isolation, these children demonstrate. ✔️ ✔️ How society and social interactions affect who we are.
Feral children present a unique opportunity for scientists to study. ✔️ ✔️ the impact of nature without the influence of nurture.
The ways in which a person behaves and reacts to others refers to. ✔️ ✔️ social interactions
Children who are raised in isolation and have few opportunities for social interaction are typically labeled as. ✔️ ✔️ feral.
A young woman graduates high school and moves..., and pay her own bills, none of which she did while living at home. This is an example of. ✔️ ✔️ resocialization.
When formal organizations grow and become more complex, they often become. ✔️ ✔️ bureaucracies.
A factors that can create negative socialization experience for a child in school is. ✔️ ✔️ Skin color.
Socialization is part of the process of , in which individuals internalize the values and norms of a society and pass them to the next generation. ✔️ ✔️ social reproduction
Which theorist created a field of study that observed the ordinary or everyday methods people use to make sense of their social interaction? ✔️ ✔️ Harold Garfinkel.
Which of these best describes socialization? ✔️ ✔️ the ability to follow social norms and expectations of one's society
A politician employs illegal immigrants for housekeeping services. A nearby restaurant also employs illegal immigrants. The restaurant is fined, but the politician does NOT suffer any consequences. How would social location explain this? ✔️ ✔️ The politician has more power and position to resist consequences.
Which statement best describes the relativist perspective of deviance? ✔️ ✔️ Deviant behaviors, conditions, and beliefs differ from culture to culture.
Which of these is an example of visible stigma? ✔️ ✔️ facial disfigurement.
What are types of social norms as noted by sociologists? ✔️ ✔️ folkways, mores, and laws
After an unfortunate incident, Tim received a dishonorable discharge from the military. Dishonorable discharge is a(n) label. ✔️ ✔️ official
When there is widespread fear that public morality will collapse, become a target for public anxiety. ✔️ ✔️ folk devils
There are two steps to create public morality: the first is to generate awareness and the second is moral. ✔️ ✔️ conversion
When the president admitted he had smoked marijuana in his youth, his opponents tried to use it against him, but he maintained that everyone did it in college and it was no big deal. Which stigma management technique did he use? ✔️ ✔️ normalizing
Which theorist was one of the first to explain how deviance varied in rates across place, time, and groups? ✔️ ✔️ Emile Durkheim
A teenager shoplifts an expensive shirt from a store. Sociologists would most likely categorize his deviant behavior using the approach. ✔️ ✔️ legalistic
A teenage girl is caught smoking marijuana. When asked why she did it, she claims that she isn't to blame, but rather her friends are because they told her to. This is an example of which technique of neutralization? ✔️ ✔️ denial of responsibility
A White business executive is convicted of embezzlement but is given probation over imprisonment. A minority youth is convicted of petty theft and is sentenced to three months in jail. How would the conflict perspective explain this? ✔️ ✔️ the legal system tends to treat deviance by the poor and minorities as serious crimes.
Which theory notes that someone is defined as deviant because others react to the person as such? ✔️ ✔️ labeling
A juvenile offender is caught stealing and must speak before the judge to try to get his sentence reduced. How would he accurately employ a denial of injury? ✔️ ✔️ by pointing out that he did not physically harm anyone.
Structural functionalists believe that inequality. ✔️ ✔️ serves an important purpose in society
What theory suggests that the poor could move out of poverty if they just worked harder and changed their attitudes, or as some say, "pull themselves up by their bootstraps"? ✔️ ✔️ cultureof poverty
What is the most extreme form of stratification in that it offers no chance for mobility? ✔️ ✔️ slavery
The Trump administration's $2.3 trillion tax cut mostly benefited. ✔️ ✔️ the top 1%
Karl Marx cited the existence of two social classes in the modern society: the who belong to the working class and the , or the wealthy owners of the means of production. ✔️ ✔️ proletariat; bourgeoisie
How can wealth inequality be more pervasive than income inequality? ✔️ ✔️ It accumulates from one generation to the next.
What president established federal programs that established a safety net for the needy and put millions of people to work? ✔️ ✔️ Roosevelt
Bart has a doctorate degree and is managing a regional office of a pharmaceutical company. Brenda has a master's degree in biology and is a pharmaceutical sales rep. According to , Bart deserves to earn more money than Brenda. ✔️ ✔️ meritocracy
The form of social stratification prevalent in the United States is the system. ✔️ ✔️ class- based
From a structural functionalist viewpoint, the positions most important to the functioning of society should gain the most in terms of income and prestige. This is a(n). ✔️ ✔️ meritocracy
How does the power elite impact the United States? ✔️ ✔️ They influence political decisions by influencing the politicians and their voters
the wealthy parents of two young children have enrolled them in private school, provided them with a private tutor, and offered many opportunities for extracurricular activities. this process is referred to as. ✔️ ✔️ social class reproduction
Members of the corporate community who dominate politics in Washington D.C. are of which class? ✔️ ✔️ power elite
What program, enacted in the 1930's, established unemployment insurance, social security, and the federal minimum wage? ✔️ ✔️ the New Deal
Economic inequality relates to and is affected by other forms of inequality, including. ✔️ ✔️ gender
The poverty rate has for the past 40 years, and economic inequality. ✔️ ✔️ remained high; increased
Society is based on a hierarchy organized according to social status and prestige, called. ✔️ ✔️ social stratification
Max Weber's theory about class position focused on. ✔️ ✔️ a person's own skills and social standing
Which theory of gender is characterized by an openness to combine all other theories? ✔️ ✔️ gender as social structure
A couple has a baby, but the doctor is unable to determine the sex of the child. How should the doctor describe the child's identity? ✔️ ✔️ intersex
Which concept is a result of nurture rather than nature (biology)? ✔️ ✔️ gender
According to symbolic interactionists, gender is. ✔️ ✔️ fluid
You are likely to see the greatest percentage of women teachers at the level. ✔️ ✔️ preschool
Which term describes an individual with ambiguous sex characteristics that are not clearly defined as male or female? ✔️ ✔️ intersex
Which perspective would look at the unequal allocation of resources in terms of how it is embedded in gender? ✔️ ✔️ conflict
In the United States, women are more likely than men to. ✔️ ✔️ hold an advanced degree
Which term pertains to the physical attraction an individual feels for another of a particular sex? ✔️ ✔️ sexuality
In which country is homosexuality punishable by death? ✔️ ✔️ Sudan
is the disparity in income earned between men and women. ✔️ ✔️ the gender wage gap
Which statement about men and women in media is TRUE? ✔️ ✔️ In print media, most bylinesgo to men.
Since 2001 in the United States, support for same-sex marriage has. ✔️ ✔️ increased
C.J. Pascoe's research found that to be a "real man," you must be. ✔️ ✔️ heterosexual
What is an example of the glass ceiling at work? ✔️ ✔️ A woman working as a low level manager is passed over for a promotion in favor of a man.
Which advertisement received criticism from people who believed it was "dishonest and insulting to men? ✔️ ✔️ Gillette razors
People who are perceive themselves as members of a different gender from the one assigned at birth. ✔️ ✔️ transgender
Growing up in a rural area with little diversity, a young girl hears her family and friends discuss how poor African American women do not deserve government assistance, such as welfare, because it is their fault that they are poor. This young girl is learning stereotypes, prejudicial behavior, and discrimination through. ✔️ ✔️ socialization
The findings of the Human Genome Project impacted ideas about racism because they show that
. ✔️ ✔️ there are more genetic differences within a race than between races
African Americans comprise the largest percentage of incarcerated Americans. This high proportion is most likely a result of. ✔️ ✔️ discrimination
A minority family moves into a predominantly White neighborhood. Neighbors visit the family to see what they are like. One family ignores them completely. One family tells them they are welcome, while another petitions to push them out. One family visits and asks the family how they can afford the house on welfare. Which occurrence is an example of microaggression? ✔️ ✔️ Asking how they can afford the house
In an attempt to immigrate to the Americas in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries, many Chinese men and women were denied entry due to the. ✔️ ✔️ Chinese exclusion act
When a racial group subordinates and exploits the resources of other racial groups within a country, occurs. ✔️ ✔️ internal colonialism
While stereotypes and prejudices are held by people of all races, only members of dominant racial groups can be. ✔️ ✔️ racist
