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Intro to Sociology - Midterm 1
(2025) Exam With Detailed &
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C. Wright Mills✔️ ✔️ Came up with the idea for Sociological Imagination Sociological Imagination✔️ ✔️ An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society; ability to see societal patterns that influence an individual as well as groups Private Troubles✔️ ✔️ Private problems in an individual's life (ex: personal money issues) Social Issues✔️ ✔️ Affect large numbers of people (foreclosure problem) Social Inequality✔️ ✔️ A condition in which members of society having differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power Social Institutions✔️ ✔️ Established and organized systems of social behavior with a particular and recognized purpose; created to get things done. Ex: family, religion Social Structure✔️ ✔️ Organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that tgthr constitute society; social forces guide and shape human behavior Social Interaction✔️ ✔️ Behavior btwn 2 or more ppl that is given meaning. Thru this, ppl react and change depending on others Social Change✔️ ✔️ Changes in society over time; sociologists view society as stable but constantly changing Humanitarianism✔️ ✔️ Human reason can direct social change for the betterment of society
Who was the father of sociology?✔️ ✔️ Auguste Comte Emile Durkheim (4)✔️ ✔️ 1) First to think of society as an entity larger than the sum of its parts.
- Studied rituals, patterns of suicide
- Anomie
- In society, everybody has a role Karl Marx (3)✔️ ✔️ 1) Focused on explaining how capitalism shapes society
- Modern idea for the conflict theory
- Economic systems basically shape human nature Auguste Comte (2)✔️ ✔️ 1) Coined the term Sociology
- Believed it could discover laws of human social behavior and help solve society's problems Harriet Martineau (3)✔️ ✔️ 1) Wrote 50,000 published works
- Was an activists for women's issues
- Wrote Society in America Who wrote the first methods book?✔️ ✔️ Harriet Martineau Functionalist Perspective✔️ ✔️ Interprets how each part of society contributes to the stability of the whole. Also, society regroups and fixes chaos/disorder Manifest Functions✔️ ✔️ stated and intended goals of social behavior Latent Functions✔️ ✔️ Unintended consequences of behavior Conflict Perspective✔️ ✔️ Emphasizes coercion and power; groups influence and control each other; social order maintained by dominance, not cohesion
Informed Consent✔️ ✔️ Subjects level of knowledge, coercion, not taking advantage of a vulnerable population Rights and Welfare✔️ ✔️ No more than minimal risk should be put to the subject Culture✔️ ✔️ Complex systems of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a society. Includes beliefs, knowledge, morals, customs, etc Cultural Universals✔️ ✔️ Common practices and beliefs shared by all societies Elements of Culture: Language (ex)✔️ ✔️ System of shared symbols. English, spanish, slang, texting Elements of Culture: Norms✔️ ✔️ Manners, expected behavior Ex: standing too close when talking Elements of Culture: Folkways✔️ ✔️ Daily routines; cultural forms of dress, food habits Elements of Culture: Mores✔️ ✔️ How to behave but making it more formal. Religious doctrines, formal laws Elements of Culture: Values✔️ ✔️ Collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper in a culture. Liberty, freedom Elements of Culture: Beliefs✔️ ✔️ Core essential nature of humans Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis✔️ ✔️ The language a person uses shapes his or her perception of reality and therefore his or her thoughts and actions
Dominant Culture✔️ ✔️ Culture of the most dominant group in society, supported by the major instituions. It's the "accepted" culture despite the presence of other cultures Subculture✔️ ✔️ Groups whose values and norms differ from the mainstream, may be integrated or isolated, and share dimensions of the mainstream culture but they aren't out to destroy anything Counterculture✔️ ✔️ Subculture that is against the values of the mainstream society. Reject mainstream values and they are nonconformity to the dominant culture. Ex: terrorist cell Culture Shock✔️ ✔️ When culture changes rapidly, this can happen Social sanctions✔️ ✔️ Penalties/rewards for conduct concerning a social norm Socialization (3)✔️ ✔️ Process through which people learn the expectations of society; allows people to absorb their culture; basis for identity Afghani✔️ ✔️ In class, we saw a video about socializing a girl as a boy. This is part of this culture. Id✔️ ✔️ deep drives and impulses; basic animalistic needs Superego ✔️ ✔️ Hyper-internalized values of society; moral Ego✔️ ✔️ Serves as the bridge between animalistic needs and the morals Charles Horton Cooley✔️ ✔️ Came up with the idea for the "looking glass self"
Generalized Other✔️ ✔️ Attitudes, viewpoints, & expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior; roles you play in any given situation Resocialization✔️ ✔️ Existing social roles are altered or replaced; takes place in organizations that maintain strict social control. Ex: Military Jordan and Cowan✔️ ✔️ "Warrior Narratives in the Kindergarten Classroom"; takes warrior boys and socializes them to accept a more female version of the world Anticipatory Socialization✔️ ✔️ Process of socialization in which a person 'rehearses' for future positions, occupations, and social relationships Rites of Passage✔️ ✔️ A ceremony or ritual that marks the transition of an individual from one role to another; define and legitimitize abrupt role changes Total Institution✔️ ✔️ They not only resocialize, the do it so they can acheive something specifac Society✔️ ✔️ A system of social interaction that includes culture and social organization; social interaction is key to this Dominant Group✔️ ✔️ the group with the most power, greatest privileges, and highest social status Subordinate Group✔️ ✔️ a group whose members, because of physical or cultural characteristics, are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominant group and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination Ascribed Status✔️ ✔️ Assigned w/o regard for a person's unique talents or characteristics
Achieved Status✔️ ✔️ Social position that is w/i our power to change Master Status✔️ ✔️ Status that dominates others and determines a person's general position in society Role✔️ ✔️ the expected behavior others have for a person based on their particular status Role COnflict ✔️ ✔️ 2 or more roles have contradictory expectations Role Strain✔️ ✔️ A single role has conflicting expectations Role Exit✔️ ✔️ Process of disengagement from a role central to one's self identity in order to establish a new role and identity Role Set✔️ ✔️ all the roles occupied by a person at a given time Role Modeling✔️ ✔️ Process of learning a role one would like to be central to one's self identity by taking on a valued person's performance of that role Weber's Characteristics of bureaucracies (6)✔️ ✔️ Division of labor, rules, career ladders, subcultures develop, risky shift, groupthink Formal Organization✔️ ✔️ Develop cultures and routine practices; people conform to expected patterns of behavior
