Download Intro to Sociology Chapter 1-6 (2025) Exam With Detailed & Verified Questions and Answers| and more Exams Sociology in PDF only on Docsity!
Intro to Sociology Chapter 1 - 6 (2025) Exam
With Detailed & Verified Questions and
Answers| Graded A+|
100% Solved
Bourgeoisie ✔️ ✔️ Marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production. Conflict Theory ✔️ ✔️ (Theoretical Framework) society viewed as groups that are competing for scarce resources. Dependent Variable ✔️ ✔️ Changed by the independent variable. Functional Analysis ✔️ ✔️ (Theoretical framework) society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that contributes to the equilibrium of the society; also known as "functionalism." Independent Variable ✔️ ✔️ factor that causes a change in the dependent variable. Macro-level Analysis ✔️ ✔️ Examination of large-scale patterns of society Micro-level Analysis ✔️ ✔️ analysis of small-scale patterns of society. Operational Definition ✔️ ✔️ the way in which a researcher measures a variable. Positivism ✔️ ✔️ the application of the scientific method to the social world. Proletariat ✔️ ✔️ Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do now own the means of production.
Random Sample ✔️ ✔️ a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study. Reliability ✔️ ✔️ the extent to which research produces consistent of dependable results. Replication ✔️ ✔️ duplicating some research in order to test its findings Respondents ✔️ ✔️ people who respond to a survey Sample ✔️ ✔️ individuals inteded to represent the population to be studied. Scientific Method ✔️ ✔️ the use of objective systematic observations to test theories Secondary analysis ✔️ ✔️ the analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers Sociological Perspective ✔️ ✔️ understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context. Survey ✔️ ✔️ the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions. Symbolic interactionism ✔️ ✔️ (theoretical perspective) society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communcatewith one another. Validity ✔️ ✔️ the extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measure Value free ✔️ ✔️ the view that a sociologist's personal values or biases should not influence social research
Mores ✔️ ✔️ norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or the wellbeing of the group. Nonmaterial culture ✔️ ✔️ a group's ways of thinking (beliefs, values and assumptions about the world) and ways of doing (common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction); also called "symbolic culture." Norms ✔️ ✔️ what is expected of people; the expectations intended to guide people's behaviors Sanctions ✔️ ✔️ either expressions of approval given to people for upholding norms or expressions of disapproval for violating them. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis ✔️ ✔️ Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving Subculture ✔️ ✔️ the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world Taboo ✔️ ✔️ a norm so strong that it often brings revulsion if violated Agents of Socialization ✔️ ✔️ people or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, behaviors,or other orientations toward life. Anticipatory socialization ✔️ ✔️ the process of learning in advance a role or status one anticipates having Degradation ceremony ✔️ ✔️ a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place.
Gender socialization ✔️ ✔️ the ways in which society sets children on different paths in life because they are male or female Generalized other ✔️ ✔️ the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people in general Looking glass self ✔️ ✔️ a term coined by Charles Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us. Resocialization ✔️ ✔️ the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. Significant other ✔️ ✔️ an individual who significantly influences someone else's life Socialization ✔️ ✔️ the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group (the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, norms, and actions thought appropriate for them). Take the role of the other ✔️ ✔️ putting oneself in someone else's shoes Total institution ✔️ ✔️ a place that is almost totally controlled by those who run it, in which people are cut off from the rest of society and the society is mostly cut off from them. Transitional adulthood ✔️ ✔️ a term that refers to the period following high school when young adults have not yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily associated with adulthood; also called "adultolescence." Achieved Status ✔️ ✔️ positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve at least some effort or activity on the individual's part Ascribed status ✔️ ✔️ a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life.
Mechanical Solidarity ✔️ ✔️ Durkheim's term for the unity that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks Role Conflict ✔️ ✔️ conflicts that someone feels between roles because the expectations attached to one role are incompatible with the expectations of another role. Role strain ✔️ ✔️ Conflicts that someone feels within a role Social class ✔️ ✔️ Weber: a large group of people who rank close to one another in property, power, and prestige. Marx: either capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor (Bourgeousie and Proletariat). Social construction of reality ✔️ ✔️ the use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real Social institutions ✔️ ✔️ the organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs Social structure ✔️ ✔️ the framework that surrounds us, consisting of the relationships of people and groups to one another, which gives direction to and sets limits on behavior Society ✔️ ✔️ people who share a culture and a territory Status ✔️ ✔️ The position that someone occupies in a social group Status inconsistency ✔️ ✔️ ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others; also called "status discrepancy"
Status set ✔️ ✔️ all the statuses or positions that an individual occupies Stereotype ✔️ ✔️ an assumption of what other people are like, whether true or false Thomas Theorem ✔️ ✔️ William and Dorothy Thomas' classic formulation of the definition of a situation: "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." Alienation ✔️ ✔️ Marx's term for workers' lack of connectoin to the product of their labor, caused by their being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product, which leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness; a general term for not feeling a part of something Bureacracy ✔️ ✔️ a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications, and records. Group dynamics ✔️ ✔️ the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals Groupthink ✔️ ✔️ a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct course of action, in which to even suggest alternatives becomes a sign of disloyalty. In-groups ✔️ ✔️ groups toward which one feels loyalty Out-groups ✔️ ✔️ groups toward which one feels antagonism Primary Group ✔️ ✔️ a group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation
Strain theory ✔️ ✔️ Merton's term for the strain when a society socializes larger numbers of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success), but withholds from some the approved meansof reaching that goal White-Collar Crime ✔️ ✔️ Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations (ex. bribery of public officials, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertising, and price fixing).
