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Intro to Sociology (2025) Midterm
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When Cooley used the concept of the "looking-glass self," he claimed that Group of answer choices
a. people are self-centered.
b. people see themselves as they think others see them.
c. people see things only from their own point of view.
d. our actions are a reflection of our values. ✔️ ✔️ b. people see themselves as they think others see them.
Family is important to the socialization process because a. family members are often what Mead called "generalized others." b. families pass along social identity to children in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion. c. families begin the process of anticipatory socialization. d. families set the stage for resocialization. ✔️ ✔️ b. families pass along social identity to children in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion.
By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind a. imagining a situation in terms of past experience. b. recognizing that people have different views of most situations. c. imagining a situation from another person's point of view. d. trading self-centeredness for a focus on helping other people. ✔️ ✔️ c. imagining a situation from another person's point of view.
If you were to put together the lesson learned from the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie, you would correctly conclude that a. social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality. b. both social experience and the presence of the birth mother are crucial to early development. c. the effect of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively short time. d. the effect of long-term social isolation can never be overcome in any situation. ✔️ ✔️ a. social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality.
The process by which people act and react in relation to others is called a. social connectedness. b. social construction. c. social dynamics. d. social interaction. ✔️ ✔️ d. social interaction.
The emergency room clerk who keeps a bleeding patient waiting while filling out lots of paperwork is a classic example of bureaucratic a. ritualism. b. alienation. c. innovation. d. inertia. ✔️ ✔️ a. ritualism.
Which early sociologist received the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of color? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W. E. B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer ✔️ ✔️ c. W. E. B. Du Bois
Which type of leader encourages everyone in a group to have a say in what happens? a. Authoritarian leader b. Democratic leader
Jean Piaget's focus was on a. how children develop their motor skills. b. how children are stimulated by their environment. c. the role of heredity in shaping human behavior. d. cognition, or how people think and understand. ✔️ ✔️ d. cognition, or how people think and understand.
The idea of "getting" a joke, according to the text, depends on a. knowing the joke teller well. b. having a different social background than the joke teller. c. understanding the two realities involved and appreciating their difference. d. understanding exactly why someone is telling a joke. ✔️ ✔️ c. understanding the two realities involved and appreciating their difference.
The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is a. an arena of conflict between categories of people. b. the product of people interacting in countless everyday situations. c. a system that operates to benefit people. d. a system that generates social inequality. ✔️ ✔️ b. the product of people interacting in countless everyday situations.
What concept refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life? a. Passive role b. Master status c. Ascribed status d. Achieved status ✔️ ✔️ c. Ascribed status
The careful observer can notice clues indicating that someone is telling a lie. People give off these clues because
a. our culture defines specific gestures to convey dishonesty. b. nonverbal communication is hard for most people to control. c. few people ever intend to lie. d. research shows that most criminals really want to be caught. ✔️ ✔️ b. nonverbal communication is hard for most people to control.
The sexual counterrevolution had begun in the United States by a. 1920. b. 1960. c. 1980. d. 1995. ✔️ ✔️ c. 1980.
is a way of understanding the world based on science. a. Tradition b. Positivism c. Metaphysics d. Free will ✔️ ✔️ b. Positivism
Which of the following concepts defines a social position that a person holds? a. Role b. Status c. Role set d. Presentation of self ✔️ ✔️ b. Status
Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of the a. superego. b. ego. c. id. d. generalized other. ✔️ ✔️ c. id.
d. every word exists in all known languages. ✔️ ✔️ b. people see the world through the cultural lens of their language.
According to the findings of Solomon Asch, a. many people are willing to compromise their own judgment to avoid being seen as different by others. b. many people have weak self-images and seek social approval. c. ordinary people are often not truthful to people who are in power. d. many people are unwilling to compromise their own judgment to please authority figures. ✔️ ✔️ a. many people are willing to compromise their own judgment
Social problems in the United States, such as poverty and gender inequality, are a. less serious in poorer countries. b. more serious in poorer countries. c. equally serious in poorer countries. d. unheard of in poorer countries. ✔️ ✔️ b. more serious in poorer countries.
Cultural change is set in motion in three general ways. What are they? a. Invention, discovery, and diffusion b. Invasion, invention, and experiment c. Immigration, imagination, and innovation d. Adaptation, integration, and immigration ✔️ ✔️ a. Invention, discovery, and diffusion
Other than English, which is the most widely-spoken language in the United States? a. French b. Spanish c. German d. Chinese ✔️ ✔️ b. spanish
Ethnocentrism refers to _
a. people taking pride in their ethnicity. b. claiming that another culture is better than your own. c. judging another culture using the standards of your own culture. d. understanding another culture using its own standards and values. ✔️ ✔️ c. judging another culture using the standards of your own culture.
Which concept is used to designate the process by which people creatively shape reality as they interact? a. Status interaction b. Social construction of reality c. Interactive reality d. Role reality ✔️ ✔️ b. Social construction of reality
Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society as a whole. Which of the following concepts refers to these negative consequences? a. Social structure b. Manifest functions c. Social functions d. Social dysfunctions ✔️ ✔️ d. Social dysfunctions
The concept of "gerontocracy" refers to a society in which a. there is a pronounced "youth culture." b. the richest people have most of the power and prestige. c. religious leaders have the most power. d. the oldest people have the most wealth, power, and prestige. ✔️ ✔️ d. the oldest people have the most wealth, power, and prestige.
One characteristic of secondary groups is a. their small size. b. weak emotional ties between members. c. strong emotional ties between members.
Which sociological concept refers to a number of weak social ties among people who have little common identity and little interaction? a. Primary group b. Triad c. Network d. Dyad ✔️ ✔️ c. Network
About of men and of women in the United States claim to have a homosexual identity. a. 1.8 percent; 1.2 percent b. 10 percent; 6 percent c. 28 percent; 14 percent d. 30 percent; 30 percent ✔️ ✔️ a. 1.8 percent; 1.2 percent
Based on what you know about the history of human sexuality, once a society gains birth-control technology a. social control of sexuality becomes more strict. b. families, rather than individuals, make choices about sexual partners. c. social norms regarding sexuality become more permissive. d. the incest taboo no longer is observed. ✔️ ✔️ c. social norms regarding sexuality become more permissive.
The category of teenagers with the highest probability of pregnancy is a. teenage women with low incomes and weak families. b. teenage women with high incomes. c. teenage women with little sexual experience. d. teenage women with high levels of education. ✔️ ✔️ a. teenage women with low incomes and weak families.
The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance is referred to as a. ethnomethodology.
b. dramaturgical analysis. c. the Thomas theorem. d. the social construction of reality. ✔️ ✔️ b. dramaturgical analysis.
If you often have the feeling of being "trapped in the wrong body," you might be a. a hermaphrodite. b. a homosexual. c. a transsexual. d. a bisexual. ✔️ ✔️ c. a transsexual.
Making use of the sociological perspective encourages a. challenging many commonly-held beliefs. b. accepting all commonly-held wisdom. c. the belief that society is mysterious. d. people to be happy with their lives as they are. ✔️ ✔️ a. challenging many commonly-held beliefs.
What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age? a. Age subculture b. Generation c. Age group d. Cohort ✔️ ✔️ d. Cohort
Survey research on attitudes towards premarital sex tells us that a. the public is more accepting of premarital sex than it was a generation ago. b. there has been little or no change in public attitudes towards premarital sex in recent decades. c. the public is less accepting of premarital sex than it was a generation ago. d. almost no one today claims that premarital sex is wrong. ✔️ ✔️ a. the public is more acceptingof premarital sex than it was a generation ago.
a. a role is as a role does. b. people rise to their level of incompetence. c. situations defined as real are real in their consequences. d. people know the world only through their language. ✔️ ✔️ c. situations defined as real are real in their consequences.
C. Wright Mills claimed that the "sociological imagination" transformed a. common sense into laws of society. b. people into supporters of the status quo. c. personal problems into public issues. d. scientific research into common sense. ✔️ ✔️ c. personal problems into public issues.
What concept refers to a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling? a. Socialization b. Behavior c. Human nature d. Personality ✔️ ✔️ d. Personality
Akbar is an honors student. In sociological terms, being an honors student is an example of
a. role conflict. b. master status. c. ascribed status. d. achieved status. ✔️ ✔️ d. achieved status
Looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that a. childhood is a time of play and learning everywhere. b. rich societies extend childhood much longer than do poor societies. c. poor societies extend childhood much longer than do rich societies.
d. biological immaturity is the main factor that defines childhood. ✔️ ✔️ b. rich societies extend childhood much longer than do poor societies.
Counterculture refers to a. people who differ in some small way. b. popular culture. c. high culture. d. cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held. ✔️ ✔️ d. cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held.
The majority of evidence indicates that sexual orientation is rooted in a. human biology, although social experience plays some role. b. how societies construct sexuality. c. individual choice. d. the way young children are raised. ✔️ ✔️ a. human biology, although social experience plays some role.
An inmate who loses the capacity for independent living is described as a. unsocialized. b. integrated. c. institutionalized d. dissociated. ✔️ ✔️ c. institutionalized
refers to group leadership that emphasizes collective well-being. a. Democratic leadership b. Authoritarian leadership c. Expressive leadership d. Instrumental leadership ✔️ ✔️ c. Expressive leadership
c. Human nature d. Behaviorism ✔️ ✔️ a. Socialization
The major goal of sociology's pioneers, including Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim, was
a. to serve the powerful. b. to help build an "ideal society." c. to discover how society actually operates. d. to prevent disruptive social change. ✔️ ✔️ c. to discover how society actually operates.
Looking at humor from a structural-functional viewpoint, jokes a. tend to bring people together. b. can be a way of making one category of people feel good at the expense of another. c. are a good way of reducing conflict in society. d. are often used to relieve tension-"lightening" a situation. ✔️ ✔️ d. are often used to relieve tension-"lightening" a situation.
A social-exchange analysis states that a. people typically seek mates who offer as much as they do. b. class differences are reflected in favored sports. c. people build reality as they introduce themselves. d. people who do more important work usually earn more pay. ✔️ ✔️ a. people typically seek mates who offer as much as they do.
A simplified description unfairly applied to every person in the same category is called
a. a sociological insight. b. a sociological generalization. c. a stereotype. d. an act of discrimination. ✔️ ✔️ c. a stereotype
Stanley Milgram's research, in which subjects used a "shock generator," showed a. people become angry when others disagree with them. b. the ability to withstand pain varies with cultural background. c. people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also groups of ordinary individuals. d. that ordinary people are surprisingly independent in their judgments. ✔️ ✔️ c. people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also groups of ordinary individuals.
The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as a. latent functions. b. manifest functions c. eufunctions. d. dysfunctions. ✔️ ✔️ b. manifest functions.
Multiculturalism is defined as a. efforts to encourage immigration to the United States. b. efforts to establish English as the official language of the United States. c. a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions. d. the idea that the United States should have a single, dominant culture. ✔️ ✔️ c. a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions.
A prisoner would consider a maximum-security prison a. a normative organization. b. a coercive organization. c. a utilitarian organization. d. a voluntary organization. ✔️ ✔️ b. a coercive organization.
d. everyone in the United States shares most cultural values. ✔️ ✔️ c. change in one cultural pattern is usually linked to changes in others.
The term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by a. Karl Marx. b. Herbert Spencer. c. Adam Smith. d. Auguste Comte. ✔️ ✔️ d. Auguste Comte.
Based on the Harlows' research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna, the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude that a. the two species react differently to social isolation. b. both monkeys and humans "bounce back" from long-term isolation. c. even a few days of social isolation permanently damages both monkeys and humans. d. long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans. ✔️ ✔️ d. long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans.
For Jean Piaget, at which stage of development do individuals first use language and other cultural symbols? a. Sensorimotor stage b. Preoperational stage c. Concrete operational stage d. Formal operational stage ✔️ ✔️ b. Preoperational stage
Comparative research indicates that a. although sex has a biological foundation, sexual practices vary from place to place as an element of the culture. b. people throughout the world engage in the same sexual practices. c. sex is not permitted in some societies, but it is encouraged in others.
d. sexuality is defined entirely by a biological "sex drive." ✔️ ✔️ a. although sex has a biological foundation, sexual practices vary from place to place as an element of the culture.
What is Robert Merton's term for a preoccupation with rules and regulations to the point of keeping an organization from accomplishing its goals? a. Bureaucratic ritualism b. Bureaucratic alienation c. Bureaucratic innovation d. Bureaucratic inertia ✔️ ✔️ a. Bureaucratic ritualism
According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as a. role models. b. looking-glass models. c. significant others. d. the generalized other. ✔️ ✔️ c. significant others.
Which type of leaders downplay their own power, letting group members function more or less on their own? a. Authoritarian leaders b. Democratic leaders c. Laissez-faire leaders d. Instrumental leaders ✔️ ✔️ c. Laissez-faire leaders
George Herbert Mead considered the self to be a. the part of an individual's personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image. b. the presence of culture within the individual. c. basic drives that are self-centered. d. present in infants at the time of their birth. ✔️ ✔️ a. the part of an individual's personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image.
