Download Intro to Sociology (2025) Final Exam Vocabulary With Detailed & Verified |100% Questions and more Exams Sociology in PDF only on Docsity!
Intro to Sociology (2025) Final Exam
Vocabulary With Detailed & Verified
|100% Questions and Answers |
100% Solved…Grade A+
Caste System ✔️ ✔️ a system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives. Class ✔️ ✔️ a group who shares a common social status based in factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation. Class System ✔️ ✔️ social standing based on social factors and individuals accomplishments Class Traits ✔️ ✔️ the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class. Conspicuous Consumption ✔️ ✔️ the act of buying and using products to make a statement about social standing. Davis-Moore thesis ✔️ ✔️ a thesis that argues some social stratification is a social necessity. Downward Mobility ✔️ ✔️ a lowering of one's social class. Endogamous Marriages ✔️ ✔️ unions of people within the same social category. Exogamous Unions ✔️ ✔️ unions of spouses from different social categories. Global Stratification ✔️ ✔️ a comparison of the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries as a whole; the unequal distribution of resources between countries. Income ✔️ ✔️ the money a person earns from work or investments.
Intergenerational Mobility ✔️ ✔️ a difference in social class between different generations of a family. Intragenerational Mobility ✔️ ✔️ a difference in social class between different members of the same generation. Meritocracy ✔️ ✔️ an ideal system in which personal effort-or merit-determines social standing. Primogeniture ✔️ ✔️ a law stating that all property passes to the firstborn son. Social Mobility ✔️ ✔️ the ability to change positions within a social stratification system. Social Stratification ✔️ ✔️ a socioeconomic system that divides society's members into categories ranking from high to low, based on things like wealth, power, and prestige. Standard of Living ✔️ ✔️ the level of wealth available to acquire material goods and comforts to maintain a particular socioeconomic lifestyle. Status Consistency ✔️ ✔️ the consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual's rank across social categories like income, education, and occupation. Structural Mobility ✔️ ✔️ a societal change that enables a whole group of people to move up or down the class ladder. Upward Mobility ✔️ ✔️ an increase-or upward shift-in social class. Wealth ✔️ ✔️ the value of money and assets a person has from, for example, inheritance.
Global Feminization of Poverty ✔️ ✔️ a pattern that occurs when women bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty. Global Inequality ✔️ ✔️ the concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority. Gross National Income (GNI) ✔️ ✔️ the income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country. Modernization Theory ✔️ ✔️ a theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by the industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes towards work; a theory which suggests that the primary cause of the elderly losing power and influence in society are the parallel forces of industrialization and modernization. Peripheral Nations ✔️ ✔️ nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization. Relative Poverty ✔️ ✔️ the state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country. Second World ✔️ ✔️ a term from the Cold Ware era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living. Semi-Peripheral Nations ✔️ ✔️ in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and an expanding middle class marketplace. Subjective Poverty ✔️ ✔️ a state of poverty composed of many dimensions, subjectively present when one's actual income does meet one's population.
Third World ✔️ ✔️ a term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, unindustrialized countries. Underground Economy ✔️ ✔️ an unregulated economy of labor and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections. Amalgamation ✔️ ✔️ the process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group. Assimilation ✔️ ✔️ the process by which a minority individual or group takes on characteristics of the dominant culture. Colorism ✔️ ✔️ the belief that one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group. Culture of Prejudice ✔️ ✔️ the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture. Discrimination ✔️ ✔️ prejudiced action against a group of people. Dominant Group ✔️ ✔️ a group of people who have more power in a society that any of the subordinate groups. Ethnicity ✔️ ✔️ shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more. Expulsion ✔️ ✔️ the act of a dominant group forcing a subordinate group to leave a certain area or even the country. Genocide ✔️ ✔️ the deliberate annihilation of a targeted group. Institutional Racism ✔️ ✔️ racism embedded in social institutions.
Sedimentation of Racial Inequality ✔️ ✔️ the intergenerational impact of de facto and de jure racism that limits the abilities of black people to accumulate wealth. Segregation ✔️ ✔️ the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions. Social Construction of Race ✔️ ✔️ the school of thought that race is not biologically identifiable. Stereotypes ✔️ ✔️ oversimplified ideas about groups of people. Subordinate Group ✔️ ✔️ a group of people who have less power than the dominant group. White Privilege ✔️ ✔️ the benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group. Biological Determinism ✔️ ✔️ the belief that men and women behave differently due to inherent sex differences related to their biology. Doing Gender ✔️ ✔️ the performance of tasks based upon the gender assigned to us by society and, in turn, ourselves. DOMA ✔️ ✔️ Defense of Marriage Act, a 1996 U.S. law explicitly limiting the definition of "marriage" to a union between one man and one women and allowing each individual state to recognize or deny same-sex marriages performed in other states. Double Standard ✔️ ✔️ the concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women by allows it for men.
Gender ✔️ ✔️ a term that refers to social or cultural distinction of behaviors that are considered male or female. Gender Dysphoria ✔️ ✔️ a condition listed in the DSM- 5 in which people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identity with. This condition replaces "gender identity disorder". Gender Identity ✔️ ✔️ a person's deeply held internal perception of his or her gender. Gender Role ✔️ ✔️ society's concept of men and women should behave. Heterosexism ✔️ ✔️ an ideology and a set of institutional practices that privilege heterosexuals and heterosexuality over other sexual orientation. Homophobia ✔️ ✔️ an extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals. Queer Theory ✔️ ✔️ an interdisciplinary approach to sexuality studies that identifies Western society's rigid splitting of gender into male and female roles and questions its appropriateness. Sex ✔️ ✔️ a term that denotes the presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females. Sexism ✔️ ✔️ the prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another. Sexual Orientation ✔️ ✔️ a person's physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex. Sexuality ✔️ ✔️ a person's capacity for sexual feelings.
Disengagement Theory ✔️ ✔️ a theory which suggests that withdrawing from society and social relationships is a natural part of growing old. Elder Abuse ✔️ ✔️ the act of a caretaker intentionally depriving an older person of care or harming the person in their charge. Exchange Theory ✔️ ✔️ a theory which suggests that we experience an increased dependence as we age and must increasingly submit to the will of others because we have fewer ways of compelling others to submit to us. Filial Piety ✔️ ✔️ deference and respect to one's parents and ancestors in all things. Geriatrics ✔️ ✔️ a medical specialty focusing on the elderly. Gerontocracy ✔️ ✔️ a type of social structure wherein the power is held by a society's oldest members. Gerontology ✔️ ✔️ a field of science that seeks to understand the process of aging and the challenges encountered as seniors grow older. Gerotranscendence ✔️ ✔️ the idea that as people age, they transcend limited views of life they held in earlier times. Grief ✔️ ✔️ a psychological, emotional, and social response to the feelings of loss that accompanies death or a similar event. Hospice ✔️ ✔️ healthcare that treats terminally ill people by providing comfort during the dying process.
Life Course ✔️ ✔️ the period from birth to death, including a sequence of predictable life events. Life Expectancy ✔️ ✔️ the number of years a newborn is expected to live. Physician-assisted Suicide ✔️ ✔️ the voluntary use of lethal medication provided by a medical doctor to end one's life. Primary Aging ✔️ ✔️ biological factors such as molecular and cellular changes due to age. Secondary Aging ✔️ ✔️ aging that occurs due to controllable factors like exercise and diet. Selective Optimization with Compensation Theory ✔️ ✔️ a theory based on the idea that successful personal development throughout the life course and subsequent mastery of the challenges associated with everyday life are based on the components of selection, optimization, and compensation. Senescence ✔️ ✔️ the aging process including biological, intellectual, emotional, social, and spiritual changes. Social Gerontology ✔️ ✔️ a specialized field of gerontology that examines the social aspects of aging. Subculture of Aging Theory ✔️ ✔️ a theory that focuses on the shared community created by the elderly when they are excluded, voluntarily or involuntarily, from participating in other groups. Supercentenarians ✔️ ✔️ people 110 of age or older. Thanatology ✔️ ✔️ the systematic study of death and dying.
Marriage ✔️ ✔️ a legally recognized contract between two or more people in a sexual relationship who have an expectation of permanence about their relationship. Matrilineal Descent ✔️ ✔️ a type of unilateral descent that follows the mother's side only. Matrilocal Residence ✔️ ✔️ a system in which it is customary for a husband to live with his wife's family. Monogamy ✔️ ✔️ the act of being married to only one person at a time. Nuclear Family ✔️ ✔️ two parents and children living in the same household. Patrilineal Descent ✔️ ✔️ a type of unilateral descent that follows the father's line only. Patrilocal Residence ✔️ ✔️ a system in which it is customary for a wife to live with her husband's family. Polyandry ✔️ ✔️ a form of marriage in which one woman is married to more than one man at a time. Polygamy ✔️ ✔️ the state of being committed or married to more than one person at a time. Polygyny ✔️ ✔️ a form of marriage in which a man is married to more than one woman at a time. Shaken-Baby Syndrome ✔️ ✔️ a group of medical symptoms such as brain swelling and retinal hemorrhage resulting from forcefully shaking or impacting an infant's head. Unilateral Descent ✔️ ✔️ the tracing of kinship through one parent only.
Animism ✔️ ✔️ the religion that believes in the divinity of nonhuman beings, like animals, plants, and objects of the natural world. Atheism ✔️ ✔️ the belief in no deities. Cults ✔️ ✔️ religious groups that are small, secretive, and highly controlling of members and have a charismatic leader. Denomination ✔️ ✔️ a large, mainstream religion that is not sponsored by the state. .Ecclesia ✔️ ✔️ a religion that is considered the state religion. Established Sects ✔️ ✔️ sects that last but do not become denominations. Liberation Theology ✔️ ✔️ the use of a church to promote social change via the political arena. Megachurch ✔️ ✔️ a Christian church that has a very large congregation averaging more than 2, people who attend regular weekly services. Monotheism ✔️ ✔️ a religion based on belief in a single deity. Polytheism ✔️ ✔️ a religion based on belief in multiple deities. Religion ✔️ ✔️ a system of beliefs, values, and practices concerning what a person holds to be sacred or spiritually significant. Religious Beliefs ✔️ ✔️ specific ideas that members of a particular faith hold to be true.
Hidden Curriculum ✔️ ✔️ the type of nonacademic knowledge that people learn through informal learning and cultural transmission. Informal Education ✔️ ✔️ education that involves learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors through participation in a society. No Child Left Behind Act ✔️ ✔️ an act that requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding. Social Placement ✔️ ✔️ the use of education to improve one's social standing. Sorting ✔️ ✔️ classifying students based on academic merit or potential. Tracking ✔️ ✔️ a formalized sorting system that places students on "tracks" that perpetuate inequalities. Universal Access ✔️ ✔️ the equal ability of all people to participate in an education system. Absolute Monarchies ✔️ ✔️ governments wherein a monarch has absolute or unmitigated power. Anarchy ✔️ ✔️ the absence of any organized government. Authority ✔️ ✔️ a power that people accept because it comes from a source that is perceived as legitimate. Charismatic Authority ✔️ ✔️ a power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities.
Constitutional Monarchies ✔️ ✔️ national governments that recognize monarchs but require these figures to abide by the laws of a greater constitution. Democracy ✔️ ✔️ a form of government that provides all citizens with an equal voice or vote in determining state policy. Dictatorship ✔️ ✔️ a form of government in which a single person wields complete and absolute authority over a government or populace after the dictator rises to power, usually through economic or military might. Monarchy ✔️ ✔️ a form of government in which a single person rules until that individual dies or abidicates the throne. Oligarchy ✔️ ✔️ a form of government in which power is held by a small, elite group. One Person, One Vote ✔️ ✔️ a concept holding that each person's vote should be counted equally. Patrimonialism ✔️ ✔️ a type of authority wherein military and administrative factions enforce the power of the master. Politics ✔️ ✔️ a means of studying a nation's or group's underlying social norms as values as evidenced by its political structure and practices. Power ✔️ ✔️ the ability to exercise one's will over others. Power Elite ✔️ ✔️ a small group of powerful people who control much of a society. Rational-Legal Authority ✔️ ✔️ power that is legitimized by rules, regulations, and laws.
Global Commodity Chains ✔️ ✔️ internationally integrated economic links that connect workers and corporations for the purpose of manufacture and marketing. Market Socialism ✔️ ✔️ a subtype of socialism that adopts certain traits of capitalism, like allowing limited private ownership or consulting market demand. Mechanical Solidarity ✔️ ✔️ a form of social cohesion that comes from sharing similar work, education, and religion, as might be found in simpler societies. Mercantilism ✔️ ✔️ an economic policy based on national policies of accumulating silver and gold by controlling markets with colonies and other countries through taxes and customs charges. Money ✔️ ✔️ an object that a society agrees to assign a value to so it can be exchanged as payment. Mutualism ✔️ ✔️ a form of socialism under which individuals and cooperative groups exchange products with one another on the basis of mutually satisfactory contracts. Organic Solidarity ✔️ ✔️ a form of social cohesion that arises out of the mutual interdependence created by the specialization of work. Outsourcing ✔️ ✔️ a practice where jobs are contracted to an outside source, often in another country. Polarization ✔️ ✔️ a practice where the differences between low-end and high-end jobs become greater and the number of people in the middle levels decreases. Recession ✔️ ✔️ two or more consecutive quarters of economic decline.
Socialism ✔️ ✔️ an economic system in which there is government ownership of goods and their production, with an impetus to share work and wealth equally among the members of a society. Structural Unemployment ✔️ ✔️ a societal level of disjuncture between people seeking jobs and the jobs that are available. Subsistence farming ✔️ ✔️ farming where farmers grow only enough food to feed themselves and their families. Underemployment ✔️ ✔️ a state in which a person accepts a lower paying, lower status job that his or her education and experience qualifies him or her to perform. Xenophobia ✔️ ✔️ an illogical fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods. Anxiety Disorders ✔️ ✔️ feelings of worry and fearfulness that lasts for months at a time. Commodification ✔️ ✔️ the changing of something not generally thought of as a commodity into something that can be bought and sold in a marketplace. Contested Illnesses ✔️ ✔️ illnesses that are questioned or considered questionable by some medical professionals. Demedicalization ✔️ ✔️ the social process that normalizes "sick" behavior. Disability ✔️ ✔️ a reduction in one's ability to perform everyday tasks; the World Health Organization notes that this is a social institution. Epidemiology ✔️ ✔️ the study of the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases.
