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Intro to Sociology (2025) Exam 1 With
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Reliability ✔️ ✔️ the extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results independent variable ✔️ ✔️ The variable that you change dependent variable ✔️ ✔️ the variable that is measured in an experiment theory ✔️ ✔️ a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations paradigm ✔️ ✔️ (n.) an example that is a perfect pattern or model (Because the new SUV was so popular, it became the paradigm upon which all others were modeled.) [types - macro & micro] macro level orientation ✔️ ✔️ a broad focus on sociology structures that shape society as a whole; looks at big picture (like observing a city from helicopter) [types - Structural-Functional Paradigm and Social-Conflict paradigm] Structural-functional paradigm ✔️ ✔️ Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton - Relationship between the parts of society How aspects of society are functional (adaptive)[So SF sees society as an organism that is able to adapt to change and has developed this complex system of structures to function in a changing world] Social-Conflict paradigm ✔️ ✔️ Identified by Karl Marx, social behavior can best be seen as the process of conflict: the attempt to dominate others and avoid being dominated. Often focuses on class, gender, and ethnic struggles. (Erik o Wright)
micro level orientation ✔️ ✔️ a close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations (Exploring urban life on the street level, where one might watch children invent games on a school playground.or how pedestrians observe a homeless man on the street.)[symbolic- interaction approach] symbolic interaction ✔️ ✔️ (Erving Goffman) a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another Culture ✔️ ✔️ the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next Global culture ✔️ ✔️ refers to behavioral standards, symbols, values, and material objects that have become common across the globe cultural lag ✔️ ✔️ the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system cultural capital ✔️ ✔️ the tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural dispositions that help us gain advantages in society deduction ✔️ ✔️ deriving a conclusion by reasoning beliefs ✔️ ✔️ specific thoughts or ideas that people hold to be true popular ✔️ ✔️ regarded with great favor, approval, or affection especially by the general public institutions ✔️ ✔️ sets of ideas that people have about relationships, obligations, roles, and functions
symbols ✔️ ✔️ anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture sociology ✔️ ✔️ the study and classification of human societies positvism ✔️ ✔️ view that sociology should study phenomena that can be observed with a preference for measurable and quantifiable data , it is fact based and reliable which ensures the results can be replicable survey research ✔️ ✔️ the measurement of public opinion through the use of sampling and questioning social structure ✔️ ✔️ the way a society or civilization is organized social institution ✔️ ✔️ the organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs multiculturalism ✔️ ✔️ many cultures mixing together in a concentrated area eurocentrism ✔️ ✔️ The dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns. subculture ✔️ ✔️ a group of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of the larger culture hypothesis ✔️ ✔️ a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations laws ✔️ ✔️ enforceable rules of conduct in a society obtrusive ✔️ ✔️ forward; undesirably prominent
cultural shock ✔️ ✔️ feelings of confusion, loss, stress, and anxiety that a person may experience when encountering a culture different than their own. cultural hegemony ✔️ ✔️ the pervasive and excessive influence of one culture throughout society participant observation ✔️ ✔️ a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities mass media ✔️ ✔️ television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, and other means of popular communication. sociological imagination ✔️ ✔️ ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives social fact ✔️ ✔️ consists of ways of acting, thinking, and feeling external to the individual and endowed with the power of coercion, by which they control. Ex: love, suicide rate, law, freedom august comte ✔️ ✔️ Coined the term Sociology; realized that to understand society, one must take a scientific approach of understanding emile durkheim ✔️ ✔️ 1) viewed society as an entity larger that the sum of its parts
- conceptualized social facts as social patterns external to individuals
- discovered the social basis of human behavior Karl Marx ✔️ ✔️ 1) was devoted to explaining how capitalism shaped society
- profit is produces through exploitation of the working class
- considered the economic organization of society the most important influence on what humans think and how they behave.
ts - (1932-1972) subjects were poor african american men; subjects were not treated, but merely observed so doctors could watch the progress of syphilis; led to mistrust of doctors 5 characteristics of culture ✔️ ✔️ 1. is shared 2. is learned 3. is taken for granted 4. is symbolic
- varies across time and place. 4 sources of cultural change ✔️ ✔️ 1 a change in societal conditions 2 cultural diffusion 3 innovation - technology 4 imposition of cultural change by an outside agency misuse of statistics - 6 ✔️ ✔️ 1 citing a correlation as a cause - just because they are related, doesn't mean one caused the other 2 overgeneralizing - study one man and make conclusions for man kind 3 building in bias - 4 interpreting probability as certainty 5 faking data 6 using data selectively belmont - 3 ✔️ ✔️ 1 respect for persons 2 beneficence - do not harm - max benefits/min harm - assess risk/benefits 3 justice - fairness in distribution
