Download Term 1: Socioeconomic Status and Health - Definitions and Theories and more Quizzes Public Policy in PDF only on Docsity!
Socioeconomic status
U.S. definition generally includes measures that are primarily economic, including: Family income, Individual or parent education level, Individual or parent professional status. TERM 2
Socioeconomic gradient
DEFINITION 2 In developed countries, life expectancy is strongly associated with socioeconomic status with a gradient of increasing longevity from low to high socioeconomic status TERM 3
Social determinants of health
DEFINITION 3 Conditions in which people are born, grow up, live, learn, work, play, and worship, as well as the systems put in place to deal with illnesses that affect health and quality of life. Shaped by a wider set of forces, including economics, social policies, and politics.Social status, Social support or alienation, Food, Housing, Education, Work, Stress, Transportation, Place, Access to health services TERM 4
Health disparities
DEFINITION 4 Health equity refers to the study of differences in the quality of health and healthcare across different populations. TERM 5
Mental health
DEFINITION 5 A state of successful performance of mental function, resulting in: Productive activities Fulfilling relationships The ability to change and cope with challenges
Health Belief Model
An Intrapersonal model focusing on individual perceptions and thought processes One of the original health behavior theories of health behavior; among the most recognized todayBased on the premise that people are more likely to take action if they believe:They are susceptible to the condition and it has serious consequencesTaking action would benefit them They have the ability to successfully perform the action TERM 7
Stages of Change Model
DEFINITION 7 An Intrapersonal model Based on premise that people go through incremental stages when changing behavior (rather than making a single significant change)Five stages of change:Precontemplation individual has not yet considered changeContemplation individual considers benefits & barriers of changePreparation developing a plan of actionAction the change takes place Maintenance change becomes permanent TERM 8
Theory of Planned Behavior
DEFINITION 8 An Intrapersonal model Based on premise that Intention is the main predictor of behavior, where intention is influenced by: Attitude toward performing a behavior Beliefs about whether others approve or disapprove of the behavior Beliefs about control over performing the behavior TERM 9
Social Cognitive Theory
DEFINITION 9 An Interpersonal model Interaction between individuals and their social systems Based on premise that changing behavior requires an understanding of: Individual characteristics Influences in the social and physical environment Interaction among all of these factors (reciprocal determinism) Reciprocal determinism- dynamic interplay among personal factors, the environment, and behavior. TERM 10
Diffusion of Innovation Theory
DEFINITION 10 A population and community level model Based on how a new idea, product, or social practice is disseminated and adopted in a population. Theoretical constructs:The innovation,Time required to construct innovation,Communication channels to transmit innovation,Social system in which diffusion (dissemination) takes place.Diffusion and adoption (or rejection) are affected by attributes of the innovation. Early adopters,Early majority adopters , Late adopters
Health in all policies approach
A comprehensive approach where private and public entities work toward common goals to achieve improved health for all and reduce health inequities. TERM 17
Nuremberg Trials
DEFINITION 17 A series of military tribunals by allied forces in Nuremberg, Germany following WWII. Regarding experiments by German physicians on prisoners in Nazi concentration camps. Crimes included exposure to extreme temperatures, mutilating surgery, and deliberate infection with lethal germs. Led to Nuremberg Code TERM 18
Belmont Report, respect for persons,
beneficence, justice
DEFINITION 18 Defines the rights of research subjects and outlines three basic ethical principles: Respect for persons persons treated as autonomous (independent) agents, protect those with diminished autonomy Beneficence do no harm, maximize possible benefits, and minimize possible harms Justice fairness in distribution TERM 19
Tuskegee Syphilis Study
DEFINITION 19 1932: U.S. study to study the untreated course of syphillis African American males begins. Study sample included 399 disadvantaged rural black men. 1947: Penicillin becomes the standard for curing syphillis, but treatment withheld from study subjects and study continues. 1972: Study ends after a venereal disease investigator (Peter Buxtun) expressed concerns about the ethics and morality of the study. 1979: The highly unethical Tuskegee study led to the Belmont Report (1979) and Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) TERM 20
Institutional review boards
DEFINITION 20 Uses the framework set forth by the Belmont Report Institutional review board (IRB) an institution-based group that reviews proposed human subjects research and determines whether the proposed research meets federal guidelines.
What is the fundamental document that
governs the issues of health and healthcare
law?
Principles of the Ethical Practice of Public Health a set of 12 general guidelines for public health practitioners; developed by the PHLS TERM 22
Noncommunicable disease
DEFINITION 22 Noncommunicable disease (aka chronic disease) diseases that cannot be transmitted between humans. Usually of long duration and slow progression.Represent the majority of causes of death and disability in most developed countries Chronic disabilities, largely due to noncommunicable diseases, are the most rapidly growing component of morbidity in most developing and developed countries TERM 23
Epidemiological transition and
noncommunicable disease
DEFINITION 23 As socioeconomic development occurs, different types of diseases become more prominent As socioeconomic development occurs, noncommunicable diseases predominate as the causes of disability and death. TERM 24
Sensitivity
DEFINITION 24 the ability to correctly identify individuals who have a specific disease. =A/(A+C) TERM 25
Specificity
DEFINITION 25 the ability to correctly identify individuals who dont have a specific disease = D/(B+D)
Infectious disease
a disease caused by an organism such as bacteria or a virus TERM 32
Outbreak
DEFINITION 32 a localized increase in the cases of a condition above the norm. TERM 33
Epidemic
DEFINITION 33 a disease with increased frequency far above its usual rates (threshold depends on disease) TERM 34
Pandemic
DEFINITION 34 a worldwide (or at least crossing some international boundaries) epidemic TERM 35
Immunization
DEFINITION 35 the strengthening of the immune system to prevent or control disease
Herd immunity
the resistance of a group to a disease to which a large proportion of the group are immune. TERM 37
Reproductive ratio
DEFINITION 37 The number of new cases one individual with the disease generates on average over the course of its reproductive period Provides a rough measure of the chance a disease will become epidemic (measles R0 ~ 16; polio R0 ~ 6) Depends heavily on the route of transmission as well as the presence or absence of asymptomatic transmission TERM 38
Barrier protections
DEFINITION 38 isolation, quarantine TERM 39
Case finding
DEFINITION 39 Confidential interviewing of those diagnosed with the disease and asking for their recent close physical or sexual contacts TERM 40
List the three factors that affect the ease of
transmission for a communicable disease.
DEFINITION 40 Route of transmission Asymptomatic transmission Ability to transmit the disease while humans or animals are free of symptoms Reproduction ratio (R0)
