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Psychology of individual differences on intelligence by terman merrill and briefly define about intelligence.
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“ Intelligence is a general ability and contains the capacity to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly ,understand complex ideas, learn fast and learn from experiences. It does not include rote learning of specific skills learned at school (reading, writing),it does not refer to skilled dealing with intelligence tests. It is a broad and deep capacity that refers to insight in ,and understanding of affairs in the everyday life. It helps to decide what has to be done ,and is distinguished from creativity, character ,personality and other traits.” (Neisser et al , 1996 )/ Reference Neisser,U.,etal.( 1996 ).Intelligence known and unknown. American Psychologist, 51 ( 2 ), 77 - 101
“ Intelligence is the completeness of understanding, inventiveness, persistence in a given task, and critical judgment” —Binet. In other words, Binet’s conception of intelligence emphasizes three characteristics of the thought process: (i) Its tendency to take and maintain a definite direction; (ii) The capacity to make adaptation for the purpose of attaining a desired end; and (iii) The power of auto-criticism.
Mental age is a concept related to intelligence. It looks at how a specific individual, at a specific age — usually today, now — performs intellectually, compared to average intellectual performance for that actual age, measured in time from birth. The physical age of the child is compared to the intellectual performance of the child. If a child can pass the tests suitable for 9 yrs. old, his mental age will be 9 yrs. whatever the chronological age may be. Mental age was first defined by the French psychologist Alfred Binet , who introduced the intelligence test in 1905 , with the assistance of Theodore Simon. following the introduction of a law mandating universal education by the French Government He began developing a method of identifying "slow" children, so that they could be placed in special education programs, instead of being labelled ”sick ”and sent to the asylum.
Timeline YEAR TEST/AUTHORS COMMENT April 1905: Development of Binet- Simon Test announced at a conference in Rome June 1905: Binet-Simon Intelligence Test introduced
Binet and Simon INTRODUCED THE MENTAL AGE CONCEPT
Binet and Simon EXPANDED TO INCLUDE ADULTS 1916 Stanford Revision of Binet Simon Scale Stanford–Binet First Edition by Terman
Stanford–Binet Second Edition Stanford–Binet Second Edition by Terman and Merrill
Stanford–Binet THIRD Edition Stanford–Binet THIRD Edition by Terman and Merrill
Although successive revisions differed from one another and from the original scale but there is a body of features that characterize all versions of the revised scales.
This test differs from that of 1916 in many details, but it does not differ in its essential and basic conceptions. “ The revision utilizes the assumptions, methods and principles of the age scale as conceived by Binet”(Terman and Merrill).They however regard it as a better standardized and more useful scale than its predecessors. The principle differences are as follows:-
▪ A 3 rd revision was published in 1960 , it provided a single form (L-M) incorporating the best items from the two 1937 forms. ▪ The 1960 scale did not involve a re-standardization of the normative scale ▪ A major innovation introduced in the 1960 Stanford-Binet scale was the substitution of deviation I.Q.’s for the ratio I.Q. used in earlier forms. These deviations I.Q.s are standard scores with a mean of 100 and an SD of 16. The principal advantages of this type of I.Q. are that it provides comparable scores at all age-levels thus eliminating the vagaries of ratio I.Q.s. ▪ A second innovation is the extension of the IQ tables to include chronological ages 17 and 18 because retest findings indicated that mental development as measured by Stanford – Binet continues at least that long.
ACTUAL C.A CORRECTED C.A DIVISOR ACTUAL C.A CORRECTED C.A DIVISOR ACTUAL C.A CORRECTED C.A DIVISOR 13 - 0 13 - 0 14 - 0 13 - 8 15 - 0 14 - 4 13 - 1 13 - 1 14 - 1 13 - 9 15 - 1 14 - 5 13 - 2 13 - 1 14 - 2 13 - 9 15 - 2 14 - 5 13 - 3 - 13 - 2 14 - 3 13 - 10 15 - 3 14 - 6 13 - 4 13 - 3 14 - 4 13 - 11 15 - 4 14 - 7 13 - 5 13 - 3 14 - 5 13 - 11 15 - 5 14 - 7 13 - 6 13 - 4 14 - 6 14 - 0 15 - 6 14 - 8 13 - 7 13 - 5 14 - 7 14 - 1 15 - 7 14 - 9 13 - 8 13 - 5 14 - 8 14 - 1 15 - 8 14 - 9 13 - 9 13 - 6 14 - 9 14 - 2 15 - 9 14 - 10 13 - 10 13 - 7 14 - 10 14 - 3 15 - 10 14 - 11 13 - 11 13 - 7 14 - 11 14 - 3 15 - 11 14 - 11 16 - 0 and above 15 - 0 The appropriate chronological age divisors to be applied in computing IQs (Table 4 of Terman Merrill Test Manual)