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I. BINARY COMPOUNDS ( contain two elements ): Name the more metallic element first and the less metallic element second, putting an "-ide" ending on the less metallic element. These compounds fall into three naming classes. A. Covalent molecules ( non-metal + non-metal ): Use Latin numerical prefixes to show the number of atoms of each element in the molecule. Formula Name Formula Name As 2 S 3 diarsenic trisulfide P 4 O 6 tetraphosphorus hexoxide Cl 2 O 7 dichlorine heptoxide CCl 4 carbon tetrachloride B. Ionic compounds or salts ( metal + non-metal ): These contain metal cations and non-metal anions. The positive oxidation number of the metal is indicated by a Roman numeral in parentheses after the name of the metal. It is common to omit the Roman numeral for Group IA and IIA cations as they only form +1 and +2 cations respectively and for a few other cations with only one known oxidation state (Al3+, Ag+, Zn 2+, Cd2+). In addition, Group VIIA form - 1 anions, Group VIA form - 2 anions, and Group VA (N and P) form - 3 anions. Formula Name Formula Name CaCl 2 calcium chloride BaS barium sulfide CuCl 2 copper(II) chloride Cr 2 S 3 chromium(III) sulfide C. Binary Acids ( H + Group VIA or VIIA element ): This special class applies to compounds with H together with Group VIA or VIIA elements. They are covalent as pure compounds, but form ions in water. Thus, they must be named according to whether water solvent is present or not. The pure (covalent) compound is named as in Part A, above, while the aqueous solutions are named by modifying the stem of the non-metal by adding a "hydro-" prefix and an "-ic" ending. Formula Name of compound Name of Aqueous Solution HCl hydrogen chloride hydrochloric acid H 2 Se dihydrogen selenide hydroselenic acid II. TERNARY COMPOUNDS ( contain three elements ): These include the ternary acids (oxo-acids) and the ternary salts formed by the anions of the acids. A. Ternary acids ( H + non-metal + oxygen ): Most of the non-metals form more than one oxo-acid that differ by the number of oxygen atoms in the formulas. One ternary acid for each non-metal is designated as the reference acid and the others are named in reference to it by using these prefixes and suffixes determined by the number of oxygen atoms present. B. Ternary salts ( metal + non-metal + oxygen ): These are ionic compounds with a metal cation and an oxo-acid anion. They are named similar to the ionic binary compounds. The oxidation state of the metal is given in Roman numerals after the name of the metal. The anion from the oxo-acid ends in "-ate" if the acid name ends "-ic" but the anion name ends in "-ite" if the acid name ends in "-ous". Formula Name Formula Name CaSO 3 calcium sulfite Cu(NO 3 ) 2 copper(II) nitrate CaSO 4 calcium sulfate Cu(NO 2 ) 2 copper(II) nitrite Ca(ClO) 2 calcium hypochlorite Fe 2 (CO 3 ) 3 iron(III) carbonate Prefix Suffix Formula Name Anion Anion Name 1 more oxygen per- - ic HClO 4 per chlor ic acid ClO 4^ -^ pe rchlor ate reference acid - ic HClO 3 chlor ic acid ClO 3
- chlor ate 1 less oxygen - ous HClO 2 chlor ous acid ClO 2 - chlor ite 2 less oxygen hypo- - ous HClO hypo chlor ous acid ClO -^ hypo chlor ite
Effective F0 2
You should learn common reference acid formulas in the table below and the naming pattern given on the reverse side. This will enable you to name all the common oxo-acids and the oxo-anion salts. Group IIIA Group IVA Group VA Group VIA Group VIIA H 3 BO 3 boric acid H 2 CO 3 carbonic acid HNO 3 nitric acid H 3 PO 4 phosphoric acid H 2 SO 4 sulfuric acid HClO 3 chloric acid H 3 AsO 4 arsenic acid H 2 SeO 4 selenic acid HBrO 3 bromic acid HIO 3 iodic acid COMMON IONS AND NAMES The following table lists the most common members of the classes of cations and anions. Many of the transition metals form more than one positive oxidation state. By learning the proper formula and charge of anions, you can determine the positive state of the metal in a compound without memorizing a long list of metal ions and their charges. Cations Monatomic Anions Polyatomic Anions Formula Name Formula Name Formula Name NH 4 +^ ammonium F
- fluoride OH - hydroxide Li+^ lithium Cl - chloride CO 32 - carbonate Na+^ sodium Br - bromide CN - cyanide K+^ potassium I - iodide C 2 H 3 O 2 - acetate Mg2+^ magnesium O^2 -^ oxide ( or CH 3 COO - ) (acetate) Ca2+^ calcium S^2 -^ sulfide ClO -^ hypochlorite Ba2+^ barium ClO 2^ -^ chlorite Al3+^ aluminum ClO 3 - chlorate Sn2+^ tin(II) ClO 4^ -^ perchlorate Pb2+^ lead(II) SO 42 -^ sulfate Co2+^ cobalt(II) SO 32 -^ sulfite Ni2+^ nickel(II) NO 3 - nitrate Cu2+^ copper(II) NO 2^ -^ nitrite Zn2+^ zinc or zinc(II) PO 43 - phosphate Fe2+^ iron(II) MnO 4^ -^ permanganate Fe3+^ iron(III) CrO 42 -^ chromate Ag+^ silver or silver(I) Cr 2 O 72 - dichromate Cd2+^ cadmium or cadmium(II) Hg2+^ mercury(II) Cr3+^ chromium(III)