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Punnett squares can be used to help figure out the possible inherited genetic trait combinations, like blood type (see example on next slide). • Review the ...
Typology: Study notes
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Show the students the red styrofoam ballsand tell them that they represent red bloodcells.
-^
RBCs have proteins on their surface thatdetermine what blood type a person is—theseproteins are called
antigens
The pipe cleaners are the antigens (pink isthe “A” antigen, blue is the “B” antigen).
-^
Jab a ball with a pink pipe cleaner. This redblood cell now has the “A” antigen and is an A blood cell
Jab a blue pipe cleaner into another red ball.This RBC has a “B” antigen and is a
B blood
cell.
-^
Make an “AB” blood cell with both a pink andblue pipe cleaner.
-^
Ask the students what a RBC with NOantigens (no pipe cleaners) would be called?(“O”).
-^
Tell students to look at the handout to see acomparison of the different types of bloodcells and the relative representation of bloodtypes in the American population.
-^
-^
-^
Antibodies will attack and destroy any transfused or transplanted blood cells withthat antigen.
-^
People need to have their blood tested before receiving someone else’s blood.
-^
When blood is donated, the plasma and the RBCs are separated. This ensuresthat the antibodies (in the plasma) don’t get transferred during the transfusion.
ABO Blood Type
ContainsAntigen
A
ContainsAntigen
B
ContainsAntibodyanti-A
ContainsAntibodyanti-B
A^
yes
no^
no^
yes
B^
no^
yes
yes
no
AB
yes
yes
no^
no
O^
no^
no^
yes
yes
http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/ABO_system.htm
-^
Read the kidney scenario in the manual.
-^
Remind the students that the blood samples are notreally blood.
-^
Students will test the presence of antibodies by
adding
Anti-A and Anti-B serum
to each person’s blood
sample.
-^
A sample is positive for an antigen by observing whetheragglutination (
clumping
) occurs.
Learning Goals: Students understand the relationship between antigens and antibodies,and identify which blood types are compatible as donors and receivers. With support,students identify a method for determining blood type.
Divide the students into pairs. Pass outsafety goggles to each student and oneset of materials to each pair ofstudents.
-^
Have students add a squirt of
Mrs.
Sanderson’s
samples to the first two wells
in column 1.
Add a 2-3 drops of
anti-A
(blue) to
the first well in
Observe whether a precipitate (orcloudiness) occurs - record a “+” if itdoes, or a “-” if it does not.Add a 2-3 drops of
anti-B
(yellow) to
the 2
nd
well in
column 1 (1B)
and
record the results.
Repeat with
Mr. Sanderson’s
samples to
the first two wells in
column 2,
with
Jill’s
samples to the first two rows in
column 3
and with
Jack’s
samples to the first two
rows in
column 4
Tell the students to determine the bloodtype of each person.
-^
Antigens and thus,
blood type
, are determined by the
genes
that get passed on from someone’s parents.
-^
These genes are for the
A antigen
,^
B antigen or no
antigen (O)
.
-^
Punnett squares
can be used to help figure out the
possible inherited genetic trait combinations, like bloodtype (see example on next slide).
-^
Learning Goals: Students use Punnett squares and basic genetics toconstruct an explanation for why people have certain blood types. Review the terms dominant, recessive and co-dominant
Filling in the
Punnett Square
-^
The mother’s genes(AA) areplaced on top of the Punnettsquare with each gene situatedover one column.
-^
The father’s genes (AB) areplaced to the side with each genenext to its own row.
-^
One of the mother’s A genes iswritten in each square below it;similarly, the other A gene isplaced in the squares below it.
-^
The father’s A gene is written inboth squares to the right of it, as isthe B gene.
This process is a
simulation of
genotypes their children
could
inherit.–
In other words, there is a 50%chance a child will be AA and a50% chance a child will be AB.
mother
mother
father
father
-^
Ask students what each family member’s possiblegenotype is. Write these answers on the board and/orshare with the class.
Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
Column 4
Mrs. Sanderson
Mr. Sanderson
Jill
Jack
Row A Anti-A serum
(+ / -)
Yes
No
Yes
No
Row B Anti-B serum
(+ / -)
No
Yes
Yes
No
Blood Type(A, B, or O)
A^
B^
AB
O
Possible Genotype
AA or AO
BB or BO
AB
OO
Ask students: If Jack has type O blood, what are the genotypes forhis mother and father?Have the students fill out their Punnett square using all the possiblegenotypes for Mr. and Mrs. Sanderson.