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Information Technology (IT): Computer technology (hardware and software) for processing and storing information and Communications technology (voice and data networks) for transmitting information (2005) Smart Phones introduced (2007) Recent Technology Trends Computer Software: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Many companies are investing in Enterprise Systems now even mid to small companies (e.g., electronic health records in hospitals (EMR) or ERP) Computer Software Trend: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Downloadable Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Downloadable from App stores. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Download speeds have increased Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Social Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Growth of Web 2.0 (social media) applications (such as Facebook, LinkedIn). Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Used by companies for marketing and branding activities. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Intranet tools like IBM Beehive - Collaboration tools connect employees across distance. Recent Technology Trends Computer Networks: High Bandwidth, Wireless and Cloud Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) High demand for high speed Internet access. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Wireless technologies provide mobile access. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Use of Internet to access remote hosts, data storage, and other IT capabilities from the Cloud. ARPANET created (late 1960s) Introduction of the World Wide Web (early 1990s) Consumer high-speed Internet connections widely available (early 2000s) Number of Internet users tops 1 billion (2005) Wireless Internet access common in many locations (today) CHAPTER 1 -MANAGING IT IN A DIGITAL WORLD NEW WAYS TO COMPETE New ways for businesses to use IT to compete on: Low Cost – Competing with other businesses by being a low-cost producer for a good or a service Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Automating transaction time Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Shortening order cycle time Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Providing operational information for decision making Differentiation – Competing with other businesses by offering products or services that customers prefer due to superiority in product innovativeness, quality or customer service Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Giving sales personnel information to better serve customers Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Providing just-in-time supplies for customers Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Creating new information-based products Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Allowing product customization by the consumer Note: Both Low Cost and Differentiation, enabled by IT CHAPTER 1 -MANAGING IT IN A DIGITAL WORLD MANAGING IT IN ORGANIZATIONS Information Systems (IS) Department: has the primary responsibility for managing IT. Information Systems departments can vary greatly across businesses, depending on the organization’s dependency on IT for: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Reliable & secure business operations and Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Competitive advantage based on new technologies Offensive Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) In Support mode , IT is primarily for back-office functions. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) In Factory mode , firms are dependent on IT for business operations, but do not invest in new IT to compete in new ways. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Companies in the Support and Factory quadrant may enter Turnaround mode to take advantage of a new technology with the goal of entering the Strategic mode. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) In Strategic mode , firms are dependent on IT to implement new business strategies. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) High Need for IT for competitive advantage Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) High Need for Reliable & Secure IT for business operations The Four Modes Three Types of IT Resources Technology Infrastructure Computers, software and networks that enable an organization to conduct business and share information across organizational units as well as business partners Human Resources IT professionals and managers who have the needed mix of technology, business and interpersonal skills to plan for, design and manage the other IT resources Business/IT Relationship Relationships between business and IT workers for joint IT /business decisions New ways for people to work using IT: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Telecommuters: Individuals who use mobile technology and/or network connections to work remotely Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Virtual Teams: Geographically separated work teams whose members communicate through the use of IT Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Free Agents: Individuals who choose to contract out their services and are not tied to an organization Pros:
Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Flexibility Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Work-life balance Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Workers can be located anywhere Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Teams can be composed of members with specialized skills from different business units or companies Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Challenging and innovative environment than when an employee of a single organization Cons: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Feelings of being isolated Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Concerns about job promotion opportunities Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Coordination across team members more difficult Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Lack of benefits Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Unpredictability in scheduling and work Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Different type of work may cause lower productivity and delays when working for more than one organizations In many organizations, the senior IT leader is a CIO. IT leaders have to work closely with the senior managers to keep the company’s IT resources aligned with the business goals Chief Information Officer (CIO): A firm’s high-level general IT manager with both technology and business leadership experience. Together with the organization’s executive management team the CIO ensures the alignment of IT resources with business goals and plans for integration of IT for strategic advantage. Two primary responsibilities: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Computer and communication operations Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Acquiring and maintaining applications software Chapter 2 Hardware: Physical pieces of a computer system. All computers made up of the same set of six building blocks: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Input Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Output Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Memory Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Arithmetic/logical unit Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Control unit Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Files Input : Device(s) needed to enter data into the computer for it to use in computations and comparisons Input: What is the difference between a terminal and a PC? Terminal Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Designed strictly for input and output Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Has keyboard and screen Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Does not have a processor Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Connected to a computer with a processor via telecommunications Examples: point-of-sale terminal, ATM BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Chapter 2- Computer Systems BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Keyboard: Input through keystrokes Mouse, stylus, touchpad: alternative to keystrokes Disk drive or flash drive: data on disk read into memory Common Input Methods Chapter 2- Computer Systems BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR): use to process bank checks Barcode labeling: scans barcodes on packages or products, and reads into computer Optical character recognition (OCR): directly scans typed, printed, or handwritten material Imaging: inputs digital form of documents and photos Common Input Methods BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Common Output Methods: Video display unit Flash drive Printer Computer output microfilm (COM) Voice response units Output: Device(s) needed to produce results in a usable format Chapter 2- Computer Systems BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Memory: Referred to as main memory or primary memory Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) All data flows to and from memory Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Can only store limited amount of data Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Divided into cells Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Each cell has a unique address and stores a data a pattern of 8 bits. Memory - Computer Systems Memory: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Each memory cell is a set of circuits Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Each circuit can be set to on or off (represented by 1 or 0) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Each circuit corresponds to a bit (binary digit)
Measure of Computer Power: number of instructions that a computer can execute in a given period of time. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Millions of instructions per second ( MIPS ). (common in 1980’s) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Millions of floating point operations per second ( MFLOPS ): running particular set of programs in a particular language on the machines being investigated. Benchmarking involves running jobs on various machines to compare speed. TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Multiple Processor Configurations Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) A computer system usually contains more than one processor. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Dual-processor vs. dual-core Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Dual-processor systems contain two physically separate processors as two separate chips. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Dual-core systems contain two complete processors manufactured as a single chip. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Multiprocessors with Hyper-threading Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Symmetric multiprocessor (SMP): All processors are identical and work independently of each other. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Parallel processor (PP): Multiple processors work on separate pieces of the same task or program. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Massively parallel processor (MPP): Machines with a large number of parallel processors. Microcomputers: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Personal computers or PCs Can generally be carried or moved by one person and only have one keyboard and display unit Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Examples: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Desktop PC Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Laptop or notebook Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Handheld or personal digital assistant (PDA) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Tablet PC Midrange systems: Broadest category of computer systems. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Workstations - more powerful microcomputers. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Minicomputers Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Similar to mainframe systems, but less powerful and less expensive. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Used for departmental computers, office automation, and servers. Mainframe Computers: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Computer platforms for most major corporations and government agencies Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Major strength is versatility in application processing Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Online and batch processing Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Integrated enterprise systems Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Engineering and scientific applications Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Network control Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Systems development environment (not production) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Web server Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Major players today: IBM, Fujitsu, Unisys Supercomputers: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) “Number-crunchers” Number-crunchers” Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Handle problems generated by research scientists Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) High-end supercomputers located in government, R&D labs, major universities Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Cost: $1 - $100 million Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) One of fastest supercomputers (IBM Blue Gene/P): 294,912 processors with speed in petaflops (quadrillion (thousand trillion) floating point operations per second) Blade Server: A blade server is a very narrow, compact server. Multiple blades can be placed into a blade server chassis/blade enclosure. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Chassis supplies the power, cooling , management system, network Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Minimize the use of physical space and energy Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Each blade server has its own processor, memory, and hard drive. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) One variation of a blade server is 1.2 inches wide and about 15 inches tall; 14 of these blade servers can be mounted in a single chassis; they slide in much like sliding a book into a bookshelf. Blade Models: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Cisco USC (Unified Computing System): 40% of market share Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) HP c3000 and c7000: 8-16 blades depending on size Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Dell M1000:16-32 blades depending on size Rack mount servers Vs. Blade servers Systems Traditional rack Blade servers Cisco UCS Why computers are needed? What is the purpose? Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Mathematical/Calculations Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Repetitive work Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Speed Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Accuracy History: In 1837, Analytical Engine, a first general mechanical computer was started by Charles Babbage. In 1946: ENIAC; first digital computer invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Chapter 2- Computer Systems Building Blocks of Information Technology Hardware Software Networks Data Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 2- Computer Systems TWO CATEGORIES OF SOFTWARE 1.Applications software 2.Support software
COMPUTER APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Programs are designed to accomplish particular tasks. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Many different types of applications software. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Standard applications products generally purchased from an outside source. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Applications unique to the organization generally developed internally. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Application software is dependent on system software to execute. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Personal productivity software most important to managers. Eg. Of Applications software Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Peachtree accounting SW Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) WorkWise ERP Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Personal Productivity Software (Word processing, spreadsheets, database management systems, presentation graphics, Web browsers, Electronic mail, Groupware (incorporates e- mail and other productivity features, such as calendaring, scheduling, and document sharing). Support software are designed to : Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Designed to operate and control the computer hardware. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Provide a platform for application software. System software can be separated into two different categories: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Operating systems Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Utility software SUPPORT SOFTWARE Computer Support Software Operating System (OS): is a component of the system software in a computer system. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Controls operation of computer hardware and coordinates other software. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) User communicates with OS software for input, output, storage, etc. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Graphical user interface (GUI): click on icons instead of enter text commands. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Performance objective is to maximize the throughput (work done). Network operating systems (NOS): Run on a server to manage network resources and controls the operation of a network. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Major players include: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) UNIX and Linux Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Microsoft Windows NT, 2000 Server, 2003 Server Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Novell NetWare Source of Operating Systems Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Proprietary systems: are the most popular and written for a particular computer hardware configuration. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Microcomputers: MS-DOS, PC-DOS, Windows XP Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Midrange systems: OS/ Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Large systems: VM and MVS Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Open systems: are not tied to any particular computer or hardware manufacturer and run on virtually any computer. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Examples: UNIX and Linux Key Operating Systems Unix , as a multi-user & -tasking computer operating system, was originally developed by a group of AT&T employees in 1969. The Unix operating system was first developed in assembly language , but had been recoded in the procedural language C, by 1973. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Linux , as a Unix-like computer operating system, was originally developed for Intel x86-based personal computers and was first released in 1991. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Solaris is a Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems and has been known as Oracle Solaris since 2010. Mobile Operating Systems Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) iOS (iPhone OS), as a mobile operating system of Apple, was released in 2007 for the iPhone and iPod Touch and now also supports iPad and Apple TV. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Android is a Linux-based operating system developed by Google for smartphones and tablet computers. The first Android-powered phone was sold in October 2008. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Windows Phone, superseding Windows Mobile, is the new mobile operating system from Microsoft for smartphones and pocket PCs, and was released in 2010. Instructions for CPU Phase 1 : Binary/Machine language: work with 1 and 0s (ENIAC); human errors Phase 2 : Assembly language: individual instructions, tedious and time consuming. Phase 3 : High-level Languages; first language Fortran in 1955, JAVA, C+ 1st and 2nd Generation Languages Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Machine language (1GL): is a set of instructions executed directly by a computer's central processing unit (CPU). Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Each instruction performs a very specific task & must be expressed in unique form for a particular computer. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Complete program consists of thousands of instructions. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Programming is a tedious, time-consuming process. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Assembly languages (2GL) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) An assembly language is a low-level programming language. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Each assembly language is specific to a particular computer architecture. Procedural languages (3GL): relies on procedures, also known as routines or subroutines. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Typically machine independent.
CHAPTER 3 - TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING
Five primary reasons for networking 1.Sharing of technology resources. 2.Sharing of data. 3.Distributed data processing and client/server systems. 4.Enhanced communications. 5.Marketing outreach. Computer Networking The electronic linking of geographically dispersed devices to accomplish digital communication. Telecommunications Telecommunications is the exchange of information over distances by electronic means including voice and data. A complete, single telecommunications circuit consists of two stations, each equipped with a transmitter and a receiver. A telecommunications network is more than a series of wires or wireless signals… Signal: Change in current or voltage in time. Analog Signals: An analog signal is continuous, meaning that there are no breaks or interruptions. One moment flows into the next. Digital Signals: A signal that is converted into a pattern of bits and not a continuous function of time, but rather a series of discrete values that represent ones and zeros. DIGITAL SIGNALS Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Digital network has lower error rates and higher speed. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Digital computer data does not naturally mesh with analog transmission; it must be converted to analog signals Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Solutions: Modem (Modulator/Demodulator) Transmission speed is usually measured as: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Bits per second - bps Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Bytes per second - Bps Some common transmission speed measures: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Kbps or KBps – Kilo bits (or bytes) per second Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Mbps or MBps – Mega bits (or bytes) per second Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Gbps or GBps – Giga bits (or bytes) per second Private (dedicated physical lines) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Advantage: Ensures quality of transmission Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Disadvantage: Costly Switched (such as public telephone network) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Advantage: Less costly Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Disadvantages: Message may take many different routes and quality of transmission may degrade TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES Simple x: Data can only travel in one direction. Half-duplex: Data can travel in both directions, but not simultaneously. Full-duplex: Data can travel in both directions at once. TRANSMISSION MEDIUM Telecommunications medium is any material substance that carries data signal to support communications between a sending and receiving device. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Twisted-pair wire Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Coaxial cable Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Fiber-optic cable Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Broadband over power lines Twisted Pair Wire Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Literally, wires that are twisted to reduce interference Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Can be shielded (STP) or unshielded (UTP), but the most commonly used is UTP Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Commonly used for public telephone networks and LANs. Example: Category 5e cable/4 twisted pairs in a jacket for high speed LANs. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Transmission speeds vary greatly 14.4 kbps-56 kbps to 10 mbps-1gbps. COAXIAL CABLE Coaxial Cable : Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Consists of a heavy copper wire at the center, surrounded by insulating material. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Around the insulating material is a cylindrical conductor, which is often a woven braided mesh. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) The cylindrical conductor is covered by an outer protective plastic covering. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Commonly used in television cable , with a typical speed of 10 mbps-1 gbps. CHAPTER 3 - TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING FIBER OPTIC CABLE Fiber Optics : Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Thin fiber of glass. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Transmits data by pulses of light. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) A light pulse can signal a 1 bit, while the absence of a pulse signals a 0 bit. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Faster, lighter, and more secure than other media. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Smaller diameter fiber has larger capacity due to reduced light reflections and light ray bounces around less permitting higher transmission speed. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Typical speed is from 1 to 640 gbps.
CHAPTER 3 - TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING
WIRELESS NETWORKING
Wireless Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Not truly a transmission media, but rather a technology in which radio signals are sent through the air to connect devices such as laptops to the Internet and to your business network and its applications. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) There are many different wireless technologies such as cordless telephones and cellular telephones which are widely used in personal and business communications. Wireless technologies in detail: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Wireless WANs Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Wireless LANs Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Microwave Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Satellite Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) RFID Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Bluetooth 3G wireless communications: is the third generation of mobile telecommunications technology. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) established a single standard for cellular networks in 1999. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) The standard, called IMT (International Mobile Telecommunications) is now referred to as 3G. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Provide much faster data transmission typical speed is 2 to 4 Mbps. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Two variations: GSM (Global System for Mobile): and CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access). 4G wireless communications Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Fourth-generation broadband mobile wireless. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Deliver more advanced versions of enhanced multimedia, smooth streaming video, and portability across all types of devices. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Typical transmission rates in the 20-40 Mbps range. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) All network elements being digital. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Two available 4G standards: the Mobile WiMAX and Long Term Evolution (LTE). Wireless LANs Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Growing in popularity Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Useful when wiring is not possible. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Typical speed is 6 to 54 mbps; may reach 100 mbps. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Slower than some wired solutions. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Wireless LAN is often available in hotels, cafes, universities, book stores, and so forth. Microwave Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Widespread usage for several decades. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Line of sight transmission – there must be an unobstructed straight line between the microwave transmitter and the receiver. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Limited to 25-50 miles distances between microwave towers Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) because of curvature of the earth. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Speeds up to 100 mbps. SATELLITE Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Satellite is used to relay signals over very long distances. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) A communications satellite is simply a big microwave repeater in the sky. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Satellite transponders listen to a particular portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, amplify the incoming signals, and retransmit back to earth. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) A modern satellite may have 40 transponders, each of which can handle an 80 mbps data transmission and 1,250 digital voice channels of 64 kbps each. RFID Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Acronym for Radio Frequency Identification Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Built around an RFID tag, which is a small piece of hardware containing a tiny chip with an antenna. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) RFID tag automatically radios its information to RFID readers. Two broad types of RFID tags: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Active: these tags have their own power supply and can transmit messages continuously, on request, or on a schedule. Cost over $1. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Passive: send a response to an incoming radio signal. Cost: $0.08 - $0.20 range Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Became popular in business when Wal-Mart required the use of RFID by some of its suppliers (in early 2000’s) to improve inventory and supply chain management. Bluetooth Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Named after Danish King who united Denmark. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Wireless communications system that replaces the cables connecting many devices, from mobile phones and headsets to hear monitors and medical equipment. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Short-range wireless technology with a speed of 1-3 mbps. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Designed to consume very little electrical power. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Can be produced at a low cost. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Used in a growing number of devices such as cell phones, laptops, headsets, keyboards, mice, and home appliances. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) A recent study revealed the fact that over 90 percent of new cars released onto the market by 2016 will provide standard Bluetooth connectivity. NETWORKING DEVICES Hub: Simple devices that forwards all messages to every device attached to it. Wireless Access Point : Central device that connects wireless LAN to other networks. Bridge: Connects two LAN segments & only forwards messages that need to go to other segment. Switch: A multiport bridge; connects two or more LAN segments. Router: Connects two or more LANs and forwards data packets between computer networks (other LANs). CHAPTER 3 - TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING NETWORK TOPOLOGY Network topology = configuration or arrangement of the devices Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Bus: All devices are attached to one cable with terminators at both ends Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Single-point failure
Network Protocols Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) An agreed-upon set of rules or conventions governing communication among elements of a network. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Skeleton for standards developed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Conceptual framework to understand how communications in networks take place Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is responsible for the reliable transmission of messages Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Establishes a connection between the computers. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Sequences the transfer of packets. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Acknowledges the packets sent. Internet Protocol (IP) is responsible for routing individual packets based on their individual addresses (IP addresses) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Disassembles and reassembles packets. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) TCP/IP is created to link different types of networks (e.g., satellite and ground packet networks) together into a network of networks. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Standard protocol for networking. INTERNET ADDRESSING Internet Protocol (IP) address: is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that used IP for communication. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Currently is a 32-bit number represented by four strings of numbers ranging from 0 to 255. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) IP address of www.microsoft.com is 207.46.250.119. Domain Name System Domain Name System (DNS): maps domain names to IP (Internet Protocol) addresses. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) A domain name is a meaningful and easy-to-remember "handle" for an Internet address. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) DNS servers maintain a database containing IP addresses mapped to their corresponding domain names in a host file. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Has a hierarchical structure. Domain Name System Local DNS server Primary: 171.133.2.6 Secondary: 171.166.98.1 Primary: 171.133.2.6 CNN.com CNN.com Internet Service Provider Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Internet Service Providers (ISPs) sell access to the Internet. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Users pay a monthly fee to use broadband Internet service such as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or cable. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Smaller ISPs hook into the Internet backbone provided by major ISPs. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Major ISPs are AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, etc. Chapter 4 DEFINITION OF DATA What is Data? Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Data is information. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Data is a collection of facts or set of values that could be quantitative or qualitative variables. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Data is value assigned to a thing/event. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Data can be translated into a form that is more convenient to move or process. DEFINITIONS Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Database: is an organized collection of data.
Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Database Management System : DBMS is system software for creating and managing databases. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Handles the storage, retrieval, and updating of data in a computer system. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Information: An answer to a question. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Facts about something or someone. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Metadata: data that describes other data. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Metadata summarizes basic information about data, which makes finding and working with particular instances of data easier. Why manage data? Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Minimize Risk Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Save Time Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Cost to replace data could be very high Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Find and understand it when needed Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Avoid unnecessary duplication Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Quick access Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Smooth functioning of an organization Data Model is an overall map for business data. Example: A Manufacturing company designing a new product. Managing Modeling Involves: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) A methodology (process): Include the steps that are followed to identify and describe data entities. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) A notation: a graphical way to describe data entities. CHAPTER 4 -THE DATA RESOURCE DATA Management Methodology Entity-relationship Diagram Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) User requirements usually gathered in text format. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Data modeled in conceptual design phase as entity-relationship diagram (ERD). Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Data modeled in logical design phase as a set of relations (tables). Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Relations (tables) correspond with entity types. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Rows correspond with entity instances. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Columns correspond with attributes. DATA STRUCTURES Relational DBMS (by Edgar F. Codd) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Most popular type of DB Management Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Represent data as two-dimensional tables Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Data is stored and presented as relations Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Each table contains data on an entity and its attributes Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Microsoft Access is a relational DBMS for desktop Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) DB2, Oracle Database, and Microsoft SQL Server are relational DBMS for large and midrange computers DATA MODEL: CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PHASE-Notation ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM (ERD) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Entities = things about which data are collected (e.g., Customer, Order, Product) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Attributes = actual elements of data to be collected Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Relationships = associations between entities (e.g., Submits, Includes) Two Approaches for Data Modeling: Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Top-down approach (Enterprise Modeling) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Bottom-up (View Integration) ENTERPRISE MODELING Future-oriented Corporate Data Model Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Future Oriented; High level data requirements Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Can be incomplete or inaccurate because it might ignore some details Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Divide work into major functions (e.g., selling, billing manufacturing, servicing) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Divide each function into processes (e.g., billing process) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Divide processes into activities (e.g., forecast sales for next quarter) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) List data entities assigned to each activity (e.g., product, customer order history, work center associated with it) Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Check for consistency VIEW INTEGRATION Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Bottom-up approach. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Each report, screen, form, and document produced from databases (called user views) is identified. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Create user views Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Identify data element in each user view and put into a structure called a normal form Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Normalize user views Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Combine user views Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Reconcile any differences with enterprise model NORMALIZATION The process of creating simple data structures from more complex ones using a set of rules that yields a stable structure. HIERARCHY OF DATA Data are logically organized into:
- Bits (characters)
Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Only business managers have the knowledge necessary to set data standards. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Data steward : a business manager responsible for the quality of data in a particular subject or process area. Master data must conform Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Use disciplines, technologies, and methods to ensure the exchange, meaning, and quality of master data within and across various subject areas. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Organizations must determine the best source for each piece of master data. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Organizations must also make sure that all applications reference the same master data Plan: develop a blueprint for data and the relationships among data across business units and functions. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Source : identify the timeliest and highest-quality source for each data element. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Acquire and maintain : build data capture systems to acquire and maintain data. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Define/describe and inventory: define each data entity, element, and relationship that is being managed. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Organize and make accessible : design the database so that data can be retrieved and reported efficiently in the format that business managers require. Note: One popular method to make data accessible is to create a Data Warehouse DATA Management Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Control quality and integrity: controls must be stored as part of data definitions and enforced during data capture and maintenance Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Protect and secure: define rights that each manager has to access each type of data Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Account for use: cost to capture, maintain, and report data must be identified and reported with an accounting system Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Recover/restore and upgrade : establish procedures for recovering damaged and upgrading obsolete hardware and software Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Determine retention and dispose : decide, on legal and other grounds, how much data history needs to be kept Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Train and consult for effective use: train users to use data effectively Data Management Policies Data governance Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Data governance council sets standards about metadata, data ownership and access, and data infrastructure and architecture a plan to execute those procedures. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Refers to the overall management of the availability, usability, integrity, and security of the data employed in an enterprise. Two key policy areas for data governance: Data ownership Data ownership is necessary for Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) The need to protect personal privacy. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) The need to protect trade secrets. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) The requirement of authorized access. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) The desire to show commitment to one’s job. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) The desire to use information as power. Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) The desire to promote internal competition and justify the use of scarce resources. Trans border data flows:
Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Electronic movements of data that cross a country’s national boundary for processing, storage, or data retrieval Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Data are subject to laws of exporting country Laws to control flows are justified by perceived need to : Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Prevent economic and cultural imperialism Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Protect domestic industry Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Protect individual privacy Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Foster international trade Data administration Key Functions of the Data Administration Group Key Functions of the Data Administration Group Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Promote and control data sharing Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Analyze the impact of changes to application systems when data definitions change Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Maintain metadata Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Reduce redundant data and processing Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Reduce system maintenance costs and improve system development productivity Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Improve quality and security of data Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Insure data integrity Database administrator (DBA ) has the responsibility for managing computer databases. Key Functions of the Database Administrator Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Tuning database management systems Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Selection and evaluation of and training on database technology Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Physical database design Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Design of methods to recover from damage to databases Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) Physical placement of databases on specific computers and storage devices Pre-written and can be customized. (Microsoft Windows, Office, Internet Explorer) The interface of databases with telecommunications and other technologies
