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Professional |standards |and |guidelines |to |help |control |infections |- |correct
|answer |✔-the |centers |for |disease |control |(CDC)
-the |agency |for |healthcare |research |and |quality |(AHRQ)
-JCAHO |or |TJC |(the |joint |commission)
-Quality |and |safety |education |for |nurses |(QSEN)
-Public |Health |Department
-American |Nurses |Association |(ANA)
What |is |the |chain |of |infection? |- |correct |answer |✔1. |infectious |agent |(bacteria, |virus, |protozoa)
- |reservoir |(has |to |have |reservoir |to |grow--humans, |animals, |bigs, |food, |or |water)
- |portal |of |exit |(sneezing, |coughing)
- |mode |of |transmission |(you |can |touch |it |then |put |in |mouth. |organisms: |need |food, |water, |certain |pH, |dark |and |moist |area)
- |portal |of |entry
- |host |(have |to |be |susceptible |to |infection |
how |it |exits |is |same |as |entry*
What |are |influencing |factors? |- |correct |answer |✔-not |well |nourished
-exhausted
-stressed
-smokers
-medications
What |are |some |risk |factors |that |make |a |person |more |susceptible |to |disease? |-
|correct |answer |✔-very |old |and |very |young
-at |risk...chronic |diseases
-diabetes
-immunodeficiency
What |are |sites |that |can |predispose |patients |to |infection? |- |correct |answer |✔- surgical |wounds
-respiratory |tract
-genitourinary |tract
-invasive |devices
-bloodstream |---always |have |clean |skin
-venipuncture |sites
-total |parenteral |nutrition |therapy |(TPN) |--gives |nutrition |through |IV
-implanted |prosthetic |devices
What |are |defenses |against |infection? |- |correct |answer |✔-normal |floras |(help |kill |other |bacteria |that |gets |on |body; |microorganisms |that |don't |cause |problems
-body |system |defenses |(blinking, |crying)
-inflammation
-primary/secondary- |Primary: |infection |happened |there. |secondary: |antibiotics |kill |primary |but |cause |another |infection
-acute/chronic |(acute: |rapid/onset |Chronic: |lasts |for |a |long |time |)
-colonization |(microorganism |in |body |but |not |causing |disease |process |ex: |MRSA)
-latent |(lies |dormant |ex: |TB |has |been |cured |but |dormant |and |can |be |activated)
Assessment--physical |- |correct |answer |✔-clinical |appearance
--intactness |of |1st |line |of |defense |(any |breaks |in |the |skin, |health |status?)
--local |symptom |of |infection
---REDA |(redness, |edema, |drainage, |approximation)
---COCA |(color, |odor, |consistency, |amount)
--systemic |symptoms |of |infection
--symptoms |specific |to |body |system |involved
assessment--physical |(lab |data) |- |correct |answer |✔-WBC=5,000 |to |10,000 |per |microliter |of |blood |(if |WBC |count |goes |up |that |means |theres |an |infection |somewhere)
-ESR-presence |of |inflammation
--culture |reports |(blood |cultures, |throats |swabs
Clinical |manifestations--local |- |correct |answer |✔ex: |infection |in |the |thumb
-redness
-inflammation
-heat
-pain
-drainage
-movement
-limitation
clinical |manifestations--systemic |- |correct |answer |✔-fever
-fatigue |(malaise)
-nausea/vomiting
-high |HR |and |respirations
-low |BP
**when |heart |rate |goes |up, |BP |goes |down |and |decreases |blood |supply |to |the |brain
**older |people |don't |get |signs |but |changes |in |mental |health |ex: |confusion
What |are |the |modes |of |transmission--contact? |- |correct |answer |✔-direct |(physical |contact |ex: |shaking |hands |with |someone |who |is |sick)
-indirect |(infectious |agent |deposited |on |object/surface |ex: |someone |touches |table |after |sick |person |leaves |dirty |tissues)
-droplet |(coughing, |sneezing, |or |during |suctioning |ex: |breathing |dirty |air, |someone |coughs |in |your |face)
what |are |the |modes |of |transmission--non |contact? |- |correct|answer |✔-airborne |(droplet |nuclei |suspended |in |air |that |contain |organisms, |suspended |in |air |for |a |longer |period |of |time)
-before/after |dealing |with |a |patient
-before/after |coming |in |contact |with |patients |belongings
When |do |you |wash |your |hands |continued.. |- |correct |answer |✔-before |gloving
-after |glove |removal
-before |and |after |touching |face
-before |and |after |eating
-visible |dirt
-after |touching |contaminated |article
When |do |you |wear |gloves? |- |correct |answer |✔-RF |contact |with |blood, |body |fluids, |mucous |membranes |or |non-intact |skin |(cuts)
-when |handling |items/surfaces |soiled |with |blood |or |body |fluids
-not |worn |outside |of |patients |room
-do |not |wash |gloves
-change |gloves |as |needed
What |is |included |in |personal |protective |equipment |(PPE)? |- |correct |answer |✔- gloves
-gown
-mask
-eye |protection
What |is |the |1st |tier |in |preventing |transmission? |- |correct |answer |✔-standard |precautions
--hand |washing
--PPE
--respiratory |hygiene/cough |etiquette
--sharps |container
What |is |the |2nd |tier |of |prevention |transmission? |- |correct |answer |✔ 3 |transmission |based |categories |of |precaution
- |airborne
- |droplet
- |contact
What |is |ariborne |precautions? |- |correct |answer |✔transmission |via |exhalation |and |or |ventilation |systems
--precautions |include..
--private |room
--negative |pressure|room |(air |is |filtered |before|going |to |the |halls)
--mask |or |respiratory |protection |devise |N-95 |respirator, |depending |on |the |condition |(TB)
What |are |droplet |precautions? |- |correct |answer |✔-spread |via |moist |droplet
--transmission |via |coughing, |sneezing |(suspend |up |to | 3 |ft), |touching |contaminated |objects
-precautions |include; |private |room |or |cohort |patients, |mask |respirator |ex: |if |you |bring |a |pt. |to |an |x-ray |from |isolation |give |them |a |mask |to |wear |on |the |way
psycological |implications |of |isolation |- |correct |answer |✔-loneliness
-depression/anxiety
-body |image |disturbance
-interventions |(make |sure |to |interact |and |spend |some |extra |time |w |the |patient)
--education |(educate |family |before |entering |the |room)
--listen
--no |rushing |through |activities
--increase |sensory |stimulation |(open |windows, |drapes)
Medical |asespsis |- |correct |answer |✔clean
surgical |asepsis |- |correct |answer |✔sterile
what |techniques |do |you |use |for |medical |asepsis? |- |correct |answer |✔clean |technique
-hand |hygiene
-maintain |clean |environment
-standard |precautions |AKA |universal |precautions
-transmission-based |precautions
-protective |isolation
maintaining |clean |equipment |- |correct |answer |✔-eliminate |reservoirs
-discard |contaminated |articles |properly
-bathing
-keep |bedside |surfaces |clean |and |dry
-do |not |leave |bottled |solutions |open |(discard |according |to |policy)
-dispose |of |drainage |containers |per |policy
-personal |set |of |care |items
-use |linen |hampers |in |room
infection |prevention |- |correct |answer |✔-control |entry |portals
-use |lotion |to |prevent |cracks |in |skin
-do |not |position |client |on |tubes |or |objects
-never |raise|a |drainage |system |above |the |level |of |the |site |being |drained |unless |it |is |clamped |off
-minimize |trauma |from |tubes |by |stabilizing |catheters
-dry, |wrinkle |free |linen
surgical |asepsis=sterile |technique |- |correct |answer |✔-Any |surgical |procedure |use |this |technique
-procedures |that |perforate |skin
--venipuncture
--central |intravenous |lines |(IV)
--invasive |procedures
-urinary |catheter |insertion
-nasotracheal |suctioning
-maintain |sterility |of |equipment
-leading |cause |of |death
-preventable |with |us |of |aseptic |principles/techniques
Health |care |associated |infections |(HCAI) |- |correct |answer |✔-majority |of |organisms |causing |nosocomial |infections |are|found |in |colonized |body
--exogenous: |found |outside |the |body
--endogenous:normal |flora |that |becomes |altered
--latrogenic: |caused |by |something |we |do-->invasive |procedure
**ex: |MRSA, |C.diff
Common |causes |and |sites |of |HCAI |- |correct |answer |✔-common |causes: |poor |hand |hygiene, |improper |procedural |techniques |(contamination |or |improper |cleaning)
-common |sites: |urinary |tract, |surgical |sites, |blood |streams
mismanagement |of |antibiotics |- |correct |answer |✔-using |antibiotics |to |treat |viral |infections
-prescribing |antibiotic |which |is |stronger |than |necessary
-using |prophylactically |for |too |long
-treating |symptoms |without |obtaining |culture
-using |long |term |antibiotics |(Ex: |for |acne)
-incomplete |course |of |antibiotics |(important |to |take |all |of |antibiotic)
drug |resistant |pathogens |- |correct |answer |✔-MRSA |(methicillin-resistant |staphylococcus |aureus)
-VRE |(vancomycin-resistant |enterococci |) |in |the |G.I |tract
-C. |Diff |(clostridium |difficile--Spore |producing)
What |is |MRSA? |- |correct |answer |✔-staph |infection |resistant |to |beta-lactim |antibiotics
-health |care |associated |MRSA |(HA-MRSA)
--prevent |pathogens |in |health |care |facilities
--weakened |immune |systems
-community |associated |MRSA|(CA-MRSA)
--intact |immune |systems |(sports |equipment, |gyms, |prisons)
**beta-lactim |= |penicillin
how |is |MRSA |transmitted? |- |correct |answer |✔-HANDS |is |the |main |mode |of |transmission
-contact |with |contaminated |(skin |to |skin) |or |object
-contact |isolation
How |to |prevent |MRSA? |- |correct |answer |✔-HANDWASHING
-keep |wounds |clean
-keep |personal |items |personal
-shower |after |athletic |games |or |practices
-sanitize |linens
-dedicated |equipment |
-standard |precautions
-contact |isolations
-limit |transport |of |patients
-appropriate |prescribing |of |antibiotics
C. |Diff |- |correct |answer |✔-clostridium |difficle
-gram-postive |and |anaerobic |bacillus
-clinical |manifestations
-watery |diarrhea, |fever, |loss |of |appetite, |nausea, |abdominal |pain/tenderness
**if |symptoms |appear |and |patient |has |been |on |antibiotics
C. |Diff |transmission |- |correct |answer |✔-most |susceptible |include |the |elderly |and |prolonged |use |of |antibiotics |
-transmission: |HANDS, |mouth-mucous |membrane, |any |surface |that |becomes |contaminated |with |feces |may |serve |as |a |reservoir
**contact |precaution |until |c.diff |is |ruled |out
how |to |prevent |C.diff |- |correct |answer |✔-wash |hands |and |use |soap |and |water!!! |no |alcohol |based |rubs |or |foam
-clean |surfaces |in |bathrooms, |kitchens
-use |contact |precautions
-clean |environmental |services |
-judicious |antibiotic |use
-isolation |rooms
-use |dedicated |equipment |(do |not |take |out |equipment)
