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Guidelines on how to create in-text citations and a works cited page for different types of sources, including books, articles, and websites. It covers citation formats for single and multiple authors, quoted text, and character dialogue. It also explains how to format block quotations and cite electronic sources.
Typology: Summaries
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In in-text citation, you list the author or title and the page number in parentheses right in the body of the paper.
The in-text citation must lead the reader to a source that is listed in the Works Cited page (NoodleTools).
The in-text citation should include only the author's last name and the page number in the parentheses. A period is placed at the end of the in-text citation.
Example: “Over twenty percent of the oxygen replaced in our atmosphere is a direct result of the existence of the rain forest” (Spencer 67). A much larger percentage of our atmospheric oxygen is produced by algae in the oceans.
When the author’s name is mentioned in your sentence, you do NOT need to include it in the in-text citation. Include only the page number.
Example: In her novel, The Giver, Lois Lowry gives clues to Jonas' special ability when she writes, “But suddenly Jonas had noticed...the apple had changed. Just for an instant” (24).
When what you’re citing has two authors, the in-text citation should include both of the authors’ last names and the page number in the parentheses. A period is placed at the end of the in-text citation.
Example: “Greenhouse gases absorb this energy, thereby allowing less heat to escape back to space, and trapping it in the lower atmosphere” (Spencer & Jones 74).
IMPORTANT: If you are using the authors’ names within the text, separate them with an “and”
Example: In their journal article, Dr. Mark Spencer and Fred Jones, PhD state that, “Greenhouse gases absorb this energy, thereby allowing less heat to escape back to space, and trapping it in the lower atmosphere” (74).
Author’s Last Name
Page number of the book the quote was found on.
You mention the author in your sentence Don’t mention author here. Just the page number.
Authors’ Last Name separated by ampersand - & (^) Page number of the book the quote was found on.
Authors’ Last Name separated by “and”
Just the page number of the book the quote was found on.
When the work has no author, then the in-text citation should include the title of the source or a shortened form of the title in quotes and the page number (if given) in the parentheses:
Example: If we do not protect the ozone layer, one out of every three adults will develop skin cancer by the year 2050 (“National Geographic”).
When a writer's quoted words appear in a source written by someone else , begin the citation with the abbreviation "qtd. in."
Example: According to Richard Retting, "As increased use of the cell phone creeps into the automobile, accidents caused by inattentiveness has doubled in the past three years" (qtd. in Bradley 48).
When a direct quotation of more than four lines is used, it is known as a block quotation. Introduce it with a colon and indent the entire quotation one inch from the margin and double space it. Do not place quotation marks around the quotation. IMPORTANT DIFFERENCE: Place the in-text citation (author and page number) AFTER the punctuation that closes the quotation.
Example: Ponyboy observes the gang members at the rumble and realizes that he is not like most of them:
I looked at Darry. He wasn't going to be any hood when he got old. He was going to get
somewhere. That's why he's better than the rest of us. He's going somewhere. And I was
going to be like him. I wasn't going to live in a lousy neighborhood all my life. Young
hoods - who would grow up to be old hoods. I’d never thought about it before, but they’d
just get worse as they got older. (Hinton 138)
Author unknown - only include the title of source & page number (if there is one)
Retting was quoted by Bradle y, so include “qtd. in” before author’s name & page number
Indent 1” and double space; don’t use quotation marks
Introduce quote with a colon
Author & page number are after the period.