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Immunology (test 1) immune system
Typology: Exercises
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Immunology (test 1) immune system Process of being protected against foreign antigens ✔✔immunity Aka immunoglobins, these are specific glycoproteins found in serum or plasma produced by B-lymphs when body detects harmful substances called antigens ✔✔antibodies Aka immunogens, these large molecules found on surface of cells, viruses, fungi, bacteria, pollen, chemicals, foreign particles causing body to produce antibodies against it; can be formed in the body with bacterial toxins or tissue cells ✔✔antigens Portions or fragments of an antigen that REACT with antibodies and lymph receptors ✔✔epitope Very small molecules that can bind to a larger carrier molecule and behave as an antigen ✔✔hapten Molecule that when coupled with a hapten, renders the hapten immunogenic ✔✔carrier Main function is to recognize microbes as being either self or nonself ✔✔immune system Defense, homeostasis, surveillance ✔✔3 functions of immune system First line of defense, natural (innate) immunity, acquired (adaptive) immunity ✔✔3 types of immune response Defense mechanism that body uses immediately after exposure to a microbe; it is non-specific and nonadaptive ✔✔natural immunity Components include phagocytic cells along with mast cells, neutros and macrophages ✔✔cellular component Components include complement proteins, lysozymes, interferons ✔✔humoral components Proteins that produce inflammatory effects and destroy cells when activated ✔✔complement proteins Enzyme secreted by macrophages that attack cell walls of some bacteria ✔✔lysozymes Proteins produced by many cells in response to viral infections to BLOCK replication of virus in other cells ✔✔interferons Immunity that becomes operational when natural immunity is overwhelmed; it is antigen-specific ✔✔adaptive immunity (acquired)
Results in production of antibodies to combat non-self antigens ✔✔humoral response Involves activation of specific lymphocytic cells to combat non-self antigens ✔✔cell-mediated reponse intitial response for removal of microbes; innate or immunity we are born with; nonantigen specific; nonadaptive; includes mast cells, neutros, macrophages; humoral components include complement proteins, lysozymes and interferons ✔✔natural immunity Secondary defense mechanism; acquired thru life; antigen specific; adaptive; cellular components include antigen presenting cells, macrophages, T-lymphs, B-lymphs; humoral components include antibodies, cytokines ✔✔adaptive immunity Includes bone marrow where T-lymphs and B-lymphs are produced and the thymus found near trachea where stem cells develop into T-cells ✔✔primary lymphoid organs Include mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), lymph nodes, and spleen ✔✔secondary lymphoid organs and tissues Composed of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue and provide 1st line of defense against orally ingested pathogens ✔✔MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) Bundles of tissue found throughout human body filled with lymphocyte cells that act as filters by removing microorganisms from circulation; part of secondary organs ✔✔lymph nodes Largest of the secondary organs that acts as a filter by trapping and removing foreign materials out the the blood and removes old/damaged RBCs ✔✔spleen Soluble proteins secreted by cells and are chemical mediators that transmit messages between cells to regulate growth and function ✔✔cytokines Principle leukocyte associated with phagocytosis performed inside body's peripheral tissue and breaks down ingested material and kills microorganisms ✔✔neutrophils Include neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, monocytes/macrophages ✔✔granulocytes Accumulate at inflammatory sites and release histamines, which cause allergic responses; activated by IgE antibody ✔✔basophils Invade microorganisms including certain parasites and also control allergic reactions by emitting histaminase ✔✔eosinophils Tissue cells that play major role in hypersensitivity reactions ✔✔mast cells
Includes 2 large (heavy) chains, 2 smaller (light) chains held together by noncovalent forces and disulfide interchain bridges forming a Y shape ✔✔primary structure immmunoglobins can be cleaved into 2 or more fragments by enzymes _______ and _______. ✔✔papain, pepsin Upper portion of the Y shape capable of antigen binding; contain two sites per antibody consisting of the light chain and the upper part of the heavy chain ✔✔FAB site (Fragment Antigen Binding) Lower stem portion of the Y shape consisting of the bottom part of both heavy chains containing only one binding site per antibody; can bind to receptors found on certain immune system cells ✔✔FC site (Fragment Crystalline) Located in the upper portion of each FAB site and is an area whichs binds to the antigen; fives antibody its unique specificity to bind to specific antigen; light and heavy chains have only one of these regions ✔✔variable domain composed of the entire FC site as well as the bottom part of each FAB site; ACTIVATES COMPLEMENT CASCADE; light chains have one of these regions; heavy chains have one or more of these regions ✔✔constant domain Center portion of the antibody that allows antibody to e flexible and attach to antigen; area where antibody may be broken apart ✔✔hinge region Each specific antibody is determined by the composition of the _________ chain. ✔✔heavy Most involved immunoglobin normally produced in response to antigens of human origin; often seen in secondary response; function includes immunity to newborns; can cross placenta; neutralize toxins; help fight infection; major immunoglobin in normal serum and accounts for 70-75% of total immunoglobin pool ✔✔IgG largest antibody and first involved in primary immune response; function is to act as antigenic receptor site on surface of immature B-lymph; neutralize toxins; contains 10 binding sites for antibody agglutination; contains 5 FC regions and is most effective antibody for activating complement; accounts for 10% of immunoglobin pool ✔✔IgM Known as the secretor antibody; found mainly in body secretions, such as urine, tears, saliva; found in ephithelial cells of respiratory and reproductive tracts; functions to protect against bacteria and viruses trying to enter thru epithelial tissue; accounts for @ 15-20% of immunoglobin pool ✔✔IgA When found on surface of B-lymph, may act as receptor for antigens; found in only small amounts (<1% of immunoglobulin pool) ✔✔IgD
Major antibody seen in allergic reactions and parasitic infections; mediates release of in histamines and heparin from baso and mast cells; antibody with lowest concentration in serum and with shortest half- life ✔✔IgE Permanent resistance antibody that results from PRODUCTION of antibodies against foreign antigens; duration is long and is acquired thru either active natural or active artificial means ✔✔active immunity Immunity that results from TRANSFER of antibodies from one individual to another offering temporary protection; duration is short and is acquired thru passive natural or passive artificial means ✔✔passive immunity Type of immune response involving immune cells (T-lymphs, NK cells, cytokines) rather than antibodies; AKA delayed time hypersensitivity (DTH) or Type IV hypersensitivity ✔✔cell-mediated immunity Contact sensitivity seen in poison ivy reactions, delayed sensitivity seen in contact dermatitis, immunity to viral and fungal antigens and rejection of foreign tissue grafts are purposes of ___________________. ✔✔cell-mediated immunity Become activated in response to lymphokines (cytokines), attach to antigen-antibody(-complement) complexes, present processed antigens to T-lymphs are all functions of ____________________________. ✔✔cell-mediated immunity Component of cell-mediated immunity, where T-lymphs do not recognize antigens but recognition takes place when the antigen is present on the surface of an APC, the ____________________. ✔✔macrophage Component of cell-mediated immunity: these cells recognize and destroy/lyse body cells displaying epitopes of foreign antigens on their surface to include: virus-infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, cancer cells displaying tumor antigens, transplanted cells ✔✔cytotoxic T-lymphs Component of cell-mediated immunity that recognize, attach to, and destroy intracellular pathogens ✔✔natural killer cells Type of immunity involving the production of antibody molecules in response to an antigen resulting from the formation & release of antibodies into the blood streams; mediated by B-lymphs; primary function is defense against bacterial infection ✔✔humoral immunity