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Q
How can the boxes be observed as nominal data? A By color: Green, Orange, Blue B By order of size: Small, Medium, Large C By the lengths of one of the sides: 1cm, 2cm, 3cm Explanation The answer is A, nominal refers to labels that cannot placed in order. Q How can the boxes be observed as ordinal data? A By color: Green, Orange, Blue B By order of size: Small, Medium, Large C By the lengths of one side of the squares: 1cm, 2cm, 3cm Explanation The answer is B, ordinal scale data can be ordered. Q How can the boxes be observed as ratio scale data? A By color: Green, Orange, Blue B By order of size: Small, Medium, Large C By the lengths of one side of the squares: 1cm, 2cm, 3cm Explanation The answer is C, the measurements in centimeters would be ratio scale. Q Which of these is an example of INTERVAL scale data? Remember that interval scale data are continuous, however, a zero value does NOT indicate the absence of that condition. A Temperature as measured along the Kelvin scale B Age measured since the Big Bang
C
Explanation A sea level of 0 does not mean a lack of elevation or altitude (you are closer to the sun than the ocean bottom). And you can have negative measures of altitude based on sea level if you are under the ocean. Therefore, measurements of altitude or elevation based on sea level have an arbitrary 0 point and are interval in scale. Q Consider the differences between the male and female pelvis as shown here. For a series of pelves (plural of pelvis) we would assign each to a category of 'male' or 'female'. How would the data (Male, Female) be categorized? [10] A Nominal B Ordinal C Interval D Ratio Explanation The answer is A. ‘Male’ and ‘Female’ are qualitative descriptions that cannot be placed in order or ranked along a scale. Q What types of data are being generated in this image? Note the caliper read out is in millimeters. [11] A Nominal B Ordinal C Interval D Ratio Explanation The answer is D. These measurements are quantitative descriptions of data that can be placed in an order and ranked along a scale that has a 0 value. Q The table on the left side is how we would record information on variation in mastoid size. What type of data is being depicted in this table?
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Nominal B Ordinal C Interval D Ratio Explanation The answer is B. These are qualitative descriptions that can be placed in order or ranked along a scale; they are not just labels for variables. Q Time since death is a critical concept that we discuss later in this unit. What kinds of data are depicted by the times listed in the table on the right? [13] A Nominal B Ordinal C Interval D Ratio Explanation The answer is C. Time is a quantitative variable that has no 0 value on this particular measurement scale (this is not a theoretical physics class). Q Based on the previous definitions, which of the following data series represent continuous scale data? (select all applicable answers, there is more than one correct response). Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A 12 ft 9 ft 7 ft 3 ft B red green yellow purple C male female female male female D 12°C 7°C 32°C 18°C Explanation The answer is A and D. Both sets of data represent positions along continuous number lines. Q
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the darts are accurate but not precise B The darts are precise but not accurate C The darts are both accurate and precise D The darts are neither accurate nor precise Q Consider the placement of the darts with respect to the bullseye (the true value). Are the darts accurate and precise? [3] Before answering please make sure to view the images for questions 1 - 4. A the darts are accurate but not precise B The darts are precise but not accurate C The darts are both accurate and precise D The darts are neither accurate nor precise Explanation The answer is A because even though the darts are all scattered with respect to the bullseye they do surround the target. So they are not precise but on average they do approximate the measurement. Q Consider the placement of the darts with respect to the bullseye (the true value). Are the darts accurate and precise? [3] Before answering please make sure to view the images for questions 1 - 4. A the darts are accurate but not precise B The darts are precise but not accurate C The darts are both accurate and precise D The darts are neither accurate nor precise Q
Consider the placement of the darts with respect to the bullseye (the true value). Are the darts accurate and precise? [3] Before answering please make sure to view the images for questions 1 - 4. A the darts are accurate but not precise B The darts are precise but not accurate C The darts are both accurate and precise D The darts are neither accurate nor precise Explanation The answer is D, neither precise nor accurate. Q Here is a dartboard showing the bullseye (the target or true value) and the locations where the darts were thrown (yellow dots). The bottom image shows a normal distribution where the horizontal axis represents the measurement value on the dartboard and the vertical axis represents how common those values are. The vertical line labeled "Reference Value" is directly beneath the bullseye. This is our TRUE value that we are trying to accurately and precisely measure. The horizontal line A is the difference between the TRUE value and the MEASURED value and line B represents how spread out the darts are. In this diagram, lines A and B represent what? [4] A A = Accuracy, B = Precision B A = Precision, B = Accuracy Explanation The answer is A. The difference between the true and measured value is accuracy. In this example accuracy is poor. Q Based on the above, which diagram represents a more precise measurement set? [4]
During the same research project, you later find out that the calipers you used to measure the female skulls were not calibrated correctly. Your study suffers from which type of error? [7] In making your choice consider whether the error amounts to minor statistical errors (random) or seems insurmountable (bias). A Random error B Systematic err Explanation The answer is B. The measurement tool was defective for only part of the sample. Furthermore, you only used these calipers for females, this is systematic error and you have to redo the study. A lot of money has been wasted. Answered - Correct! Q Furthermore, the lighting in the room was poor. Despite having a window with natural light when you collected your data there was intermittent cloudiness that week, which affected the natural light coming into the room throughout the day. Your study suffers from: [8] A Random error B Systematic error (bias) Explanation The answer is A. The effect of this error is unlikely to occur only in the male or female sample. Increasing the precision of your measurements by reducing observer error will solve the problem of your study. Q How could you avoid introducing the kind of error caused by faulty equipment? Select all that apply. Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A Use the same equipment for measuring all specimens B Check the caliper accuracy at the beginning of each measurement session C Vary which individuals you measure by mixing males and females throughout the day rather than measuring all males at once and all females at once The answer is A, D, and E. These data may tell you about the quality of your data. These are metadata because they don’t relate to your specific research question (whether males have larger skulls than females). Q Describe the aspect of the human skull shown by the colored blue line.
That is, the blue line is lateral/medial/superior/proximal to the skull. [8] A Lateral B Medial C Superior D Proximal Q Describe the aspect of the human skull shown by the colored blue line. That is, the blue line is lateral/medial/superior/proximal to the skull. [8] A Lateral B Medial C Superior D Proximal Q Describe the aspect of the human skull shown by the colored blue line. That is, the blue line is inferior/medial/superior/proximal to the skull. [8]
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Inferior B Proximal C Superior D Anterior Q Describe the aspect of the human skull shown by the colored blue line. That is, the blue line is inferior/anterior/superior/posterior to the skull. [8] A Inferior B Anterior C Superior D Posterior Explanation Q Now let's consider this articulated arm that I have labeled for you, the trunk is toward the right of the scapula (that is, toward the right side of the image). Identify the part of the humerus in the red circle. [9] A Proximal B Distal
Explanation The answer is A. Proximal means toward the articulation with the body. Q Identify the part of the humerus in the red circle. [9] A Proximal B Distal Explanation The answer is B. Distal means away from the articulation with the body. Q Identify the part of the radius in the red circle. [9] A Proximal B Distal Q Identify the part of the radius in the red circle. [9]
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planar B saddle C ball and socket D sutural Explanation This is the shoulder joint. it is a classic example of a ball and socket joint. Answered - Correct! Q What type of bone is indicated on this image by the areas labeled 1? [32] A trabecular B compact C subchondral Explanation This is compact bone. it is hard and dense and located on the external surface of the bone but is not located on the joint surface itself. Answered - Correct! Q What soft tissue type of represented on this model with the areas labeled 2? [32]
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cartilage B tendon C ligament This is cartilage, which covers the joint surfaces of synovial joints to add protection. Q What soft tissue type is represented on this model with the areas labeled 3? This question refers to the white tissue shown here. The red tissues shown here are muscles of the shoulder joint. Note the relationship between the red muscles, the bone, and the white tissue shown in areas labeled 3. [32] A tendon B cartilage C ligament Q What type of bone is located underneath the soft tissue labeled 2 in this diagram? [32] A compact B trabecular C subchondral Explanation Subchondral bone is located on the external surfaces of joints. It is smoother than compact/cortical bone found on the exterior of non-articulating parts of the bone. Q
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Cranium B Calvaria C Splanchnocranium D Skull Explanation This is a calvaria, the cranium without the face. Q provided. [38] A Fronto-maxillary B Fronto-nasal C Fronto-zygomatic D Zygomaxillary Q
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Fronto-maxillary B Fronto-nasal C Fronto-zygomatic D Zygomaxillary Explanation This is the fronto-nasal suture. Answered - Correct! Q A Fronto-zygomatic B Fronto-nasal C Fronto-maxillary D Zygomaxillary Q
