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IBCLC EXAM LATEST QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
1. % of breastmilk that is carbohydrates: Approximately 7%
Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_milk.
2. % of breastmilk that is fat: Approximately 4%
Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 50.
3. % of breastmilk that is protein: Approximately .8 - 1 %
Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Prac- tice (2nd ed.), page 272.
4. % of calories in breastmilk from carbohydrates: Approximately 40%
Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 69.
5. % of calories in breastmilk from fat: Approximately 50%
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
6. % of calories in breastmilk from protein: Approximately 10%
Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Prac- tice (2nd ed.), page 272.
7. Acinus: Any of the small sacs or alveoli that terminate the ducts and are lined
with secretory cells. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. Available online: http://www.merriam-web- ster.com/medical/acinus?show=0&t=
8. Acrocyanosis: Bluish discoloration of the hands and feet in the newborn; pe-
ripheral cyanosis. Should not persist beyond 24 hours after birth.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
9. Active immunity: Immunity conferred by the production of antibodies by one's
own immune system. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
10. Active transport: Passage of drug into breastmilk assisted by components in
breastmilk. Hale & Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 470.
11. Acyclovir/Zovirax: Antiviral used to treat herpes infections, L2.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
12. Aerobic bacteria: Bacteria requiring air for metabolic processes. The breast is
colonized with this type of bacteria.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
19. Alveolus, alveoli: Secrete and store milk for let down. Surrounded by myoep-
ithelial cells, contractile cells and connective tissue. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 80.
20. Amenorrhea: A natural phase of infertility that takes place when a mother is
exclusively breastfeeding. Menstruation has not returned. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 707 &865.
21. Amoxicillin: Antibiotic, L2. Observe for change in intestinal flora, compatible.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
22. Ampicillin: Antibiotic, L1. Observe for change in intestinal flora, compatible.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
23. Anaphylaxis: Hypersensitivity (as to foreign proteins or drugs) resulting from
sensitization following prior contact with the causative agent. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/ana- phylaxis.
24. Anchor scar: Surgical technique for breast reduction, slang.
25. Ankyglossia: A tongue tie. Characterized by a thick, short, or tight frenulum
under the tongue. Can cause breastfeeding issues, such as a painful latch or inefficient milk transfer.
26. Anterior pituitary: This gland releases prolactin into the blood effecting milk
production and ejection. It is susceptible to stress. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 91.
27. Anthrax: Infectious disease caused by a spore-forming bacterium (Bacillus
anthrax), characterized by external ulcerating nodules or by lesions in the lungs. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/anthrax.
28. Antibody: Immunoglobulin formed in response to an antigen, including bacte-
ria and viruses. Antibodies attack those bacteria or viruses helping the body resist infection. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
29. Antigen: Substance that stimulates antibody production. May be dust, food, or
32. Apoptosis: Programmed normal cell death.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
33. Applied research: Research that focuses on solving or finding an answer to a
clinical or practical problem. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
34. Areola: The darker pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple. Contains seba-
ceous glands (Montgomery Glands) Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
35. Aspirin: Salicylate analgesic, L3. Use associated with Reye's Syndrome in
infants. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 87.
36. Atopic eczema: Inherited allergic tendency to skin rashes or inflammation.
Exclusively breastfed infants are less likely to develop as cow's milk protein is a common allergen. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
37. Autocrine control: The point in lactation when milk supply is controlled by
milk removal. Local control in the breast. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 92.
38. Autonomy: The capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, un-co-
erced decision. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy#Medicine.
39. Average: The middle value of a data set. Add all the numbers and divided by
the amount of numbers in the set. Wikipedia. Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average.
40. Axilla: Underarm. Breast tissue (the axillary tail) can sometimes extend into
axilla. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863-864.
41. B Cell: Lymphocyte produced in bone marrow and peripheral lymphoid tissue;
found in breastmilk. Attacks antigens.
edge. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
49. Bed-sharing: Sharing adult bed with baby. Questioned safety in reduction of
SIDS. Safe bed sharing has been shown to extend the duration of breastfeeding. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 282-283.
50. Bellagio Consensus Conference: Meeting to develop protocol for the Lacta-
tional Amenorrhea Method of birth control. 1988. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 714-715.
51. Beneficence: The duty to do good.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 31.
52. BFHI Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative: Initiative by UNICEF and WHO
(1991) to support breastfeeding in hospitals and maternity centers. "The 10 Steps". Unicef. Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Available online: http://www.unicef.org/programme/breastfeeding/baby.htm.
53. Bioavailable: The amount of a nutrient that is actually absorbed by the body.
Nutrients found in breastmilk are easily absorbed by the infant's body. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
54. Bisphenol A: (BPA) organic compound found in plastics. Linked to disease in
infants. Now banned. (BPA) organic compound found in plastics. Linked to disease in infants. Now banned.
55. Bivariate: Statistics derived from the analysis of the relationship between two
variables. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
56. Blessed thistle: An herbal galactagogue. L3.
Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 592.
57. Bolus: A quantity of medication given by IV, or a quantity of fluid (milk) given
orally.
62. Candidiasis: Fungal infection caused by Candida albicans; also called
"thrush." Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
63. Caput succedaneum: Diffuse swelling or collection of serum under the scalp of
the newborn from birth trauma. Differentiated from cephalhematoma by unre- striction by the sutures of the skull. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
64. Casein: The main protein in breastmilk. Creates the curd when digested in the
infant stomach. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
- Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evi- dence (2nd ed.), page 26.
65. Central pedicle technique: Breast reduction surgical technique. Intended to
keep ducts intact. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Prac- tice (2nd ed.), page 654.
66. Cephalexin/Keflex: Antibiotic, L1. Observe for change in intestinal flora; com-
patible. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
67. Cephalhematoma: Collection of blood beneath the periosteum due to birth
trauma; contrasted with caput succedaneum, where the effusion overlies the
periosteum and consists of serum. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
68. Chamomile: A herb, L3. Used for anti-inflammatory, calminative, antispasmod-
ic, milk sedative, and antiseptic properties. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 202.
69. Chicken pox: A virus infection, mothers can continue to breastfeed. Antibodies
from her breastmilk provides immunity for the baby. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 202-203.
70. Chi-square: Statistical procedure that uses nominal level data and determines
significant differences between observed frequencies in relation to data and ex-
76. Colic: Syndrome in early infancy characterized by episodic loud crying, appar-
ent abdominal pain (legs drawn up and rigid abdomen) and irritability. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864-865.
77. Colostrum: First milk created during late pregnancy and early postpartum
period. Has higher concentrations of immunoglobins, fat soluble vitamins and some minerals. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
78. Comfrey: An herbal poultice, L5. Is not considered safe due to alkaloids found
in breastmilk after use. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 259.
79. Conceptual framework: Structure of interrelated concepts that may be gen-
erated inductively by qualitative research to provide a base for quantitative study. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
80. Congenital infection: Infection existing at birth that was acquired via placenta.
Includes HIV and TORCH organisms. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
81. Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the eyelid.
Sometimes treated with fresh breastmilk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
82. Construct: Higher order theoretical or empirical idea or phenomenon that has
abstract meaning and requires multiple concepts to represent it more concretely. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
83. Contraception: Preventing conception. Hormonal pill, barrier methods, in-
trauterine device. Breastfeeding can provide contraceptive protection. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
84. Cooper's ligaments: Also know as the "suspensory ligaments." Attaches the
skin of the breast to the chest wall. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 82.
of lactation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
88. Cross-nursing: Informal, short term wet nursing. Typically seen in the context
of child care. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
89. Cultural competency: Ability to understand, communicate, and interact effec-
tively with people from different cultures. Four components: Awareness of one's own cultural worldview; attitude towards cultural differences; knowledge of different cultural practices and worldviews; cross-cultural skills. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Competency.
90. Cultural relativism: Acknowledging the variation in beliefs and actions given
to the behaviors of different cultures. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
91. Culture: The values, beliefs, norms, and practices shared by a group of people
that guide the thoughts and behaviors of that group. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
92. Cyanotic/Cyanosis: Bluish coloring due to low oxygen levels.
Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Prac- tice (2nd ed.), page 296-296.
93. Cytoprotective: Protection from inflammation and death for cells.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
94. De-: Latin word meaning "of" or "from."
Wikipedia. Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De.
95. Deductive reasoning: Process of reasoning from a general premise to the
concrete and specific. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page
96. Deontology: Approach to ethics that judges the morality of an action based on
the action's adherence to rules. Described as duty or obligation, because rules 'binds you to your duty'. Wikipedia. Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deontology.
