SEHS Paper 2: Key Concepts in Sports Exercise and Health Science, Exams of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences

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IB Sports Exercise and Health Science SEHS Paper 2

function parts of vertebrae - ANSWER Body - flattest part of each vertebrae Vertebral foramen cereale canal Intervertebral disc make column flexible and flatten bulge when compressed, Curvature increases strength, maintain balance and absorb shock general functions of vertebrae - ANSWER support the head, protect spinal cord, lransmil weight [rom body to legs, attachment points for ribs and muscles of back functions of skeleton - ANSWER prote slorage and release of minerals, blood ccll production, lipid cnergy slorage tion of vital organs, support and maintain posture, types of bones - ANSWERF-long, short, lat, irregular factors affecting joint stability and range of motion - ANSWEF-shape of bones, area of intersection, flexibility of ligaments, influence of surrounding soft tissue types of joints - ANSWEF-fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial function parts of synovial Joint - ANSWE articular cavity, articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid menisus bursae articular cartilage function - ANSWER-cover articulating surfaces reduce friction absorb shock protcet bones arlicular capsule function - ANSWEF-provent dislocation surrounds joint form ligaments synovial membrane & fluid- ANSWER-secretes synovial fluid lubricates joint cavity supplies nutrients to cartilage meniscus - ANSWEI-fibrocartilage sciilunar discs allows bones fit tightly bursae- ANSWER-small fluid-filled sacs where conflict of structures lined by synovial membrane lubricate reduce friction inspiration in respiratory system - ANSWER-diagram contracts down external intercostal pull rib up & out thoracic cavity volume increase, pressure decrease expiration in respiratory system - ANSWER-diagraph relax decrease volume external intercostal relax thoracic cavily volume decrease pressure increase minute ventilation - ANSWER-describes volume of air being exhaled per minute. Ve(L.min“-1) - Vt(L.breath™-1) x Br(breaths.min*-1) cardiovascular system - ANSWER liters of blood 35% blood = plasma platelets - ANSWERassist repair of wounded tissue <1% of blood leukocytes - ANSWETCengulf pathogens. immune response, combat disease <1% blood plasma - ANSWER-water in blood where metabolites dissolve for transport, help transport, Co2 dissalve cardiac output formula - ANSWER-cardiac output = (heart rate x stroke volume) / 1000 cardiovascular drift outline - ANSWERremains constant heart rate increase slowly stroke volume decrease thermoregulation = peripheral displacement of blood, dehydration, tachycardia trainng-induced changes - ANSWEF-lower resting heart ratc less sudden increase of heart rate higher stroke volume higher cardiac output at max higher arterio-venous oxygen difference Fick equation - ANSWER-VO2max = max cardiac output x max aterio-venous oxygen difference VO2 max values between different population value formats - ANSWEF-absolute VO2 max in L.min’™-1 relative VO2 max normalize to body mass ml. kg*-1.min™-1 factors affecting VO2 max - ANSWER-gender - females lower age - children lower, female decrease, low when old type of exercise (condition of cardiovascular system) macronutrients - ANSWEF-protein, carbohydrate, fats carbs, protein, fat of total energy non-athlete - ANSWER-carbs - 45-65% protein - 10-15% fat - 15-30% carbs, protein, fat of total energy endurance athlete - ANSWER-carbs - 53-75% protein - 10-35% fal - 20-35% anabolism vs catabolism - ANSWEF-anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down) b-oxidalion - ANSWEF-process of reloasing onergy from Lauly acids lipolysis - ANSWEF-releasing triglycerides from body fat stores in adipose tissues and muscles, stimulated by glucagon why unsaturated fat better for body? - ANSWER-metabolism of double bonds slower, remain longer in bloodstream than saturated function of insulin in metabolism - ANSWER-stimulate GLUT4 glucose transporters inhibit release of glucose from muscle/liver promote synthesis of glycogen in liver/muscle stimulate glycolysis inhibit gluconeogenesis inhibit lipolysis promote synthesis of proteins glucagon functions - ANSWER-respond to prolong fasting secreted by alpha cells of pancreas stimulate glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis function of adrenalin - ANSWE¢stimulate by low blood glucose levels similar Lo glicagon. metabolism during exercise - ANSWER-musele contraction = uptake of glucose muscle contraction = lower insulin in blood anaerobic systems - ANSWER-creatine phosphate - first 20 sec of maximal exercise, phosphagen pathway lactic acid system - glycolytic pathway aerobic glycolysis - ANSWER-produce ATP from carbs and fats glucose oxidation creatine phosphate - ANSWER-creatine phosphate +ADP +H+ = Creatine + ATP creatine kinase use creatine phosphate to phosphorylate ADP result in ATP, fastest lactic acid system outline - ANSWER glycolysis transfer energy to ATP = pyruvate convert to lactate afferent neurons - ANSWER-carry sensory information about body temp, bp, blood oxygen, CO2 efferent system - ANSWER-motoneurons carry information to muscles, signal contract/relax types of muscle fibers - ANSWER-slow twitch = Type I fast twitch = Type Ila and Type Ib Type I muscle fiber outline - ANSWERslower speed longer contraction fatigue resistant higher capillarization higher CO2 waste high ATP-yielding cellular respiration more myoglobin for aerobic respiration Type IIb muscle fiber - ANSWEFfast oxidative fatigue resistant fast ransmission strong contraction more anacrobic need more PCr + myoglobin Type 11b muscle fibers - ANSWER-fastest contraction high fatigue anaerobic respiration least mitochondria & myoglobin more stored glycogen size principle of muscle fiber - ANSWER-smaller motor unit first larger forces stimulate large muscle fiber nol cffoclive in activily need large forces frequency of innervation = higher contraction force movements of synovial joints - ANSWER-non-axial - gliding joints sliding uniaxial - hinge/pivol biaxial - condyloid/saddle triaxial - ball+socket motion in sagittal plane (middle) - ANSWEFflexion - closing of joint extension - opcning of joint motion in frontal plane (front/back) - ANSWEF-abduction - opening of joint adduction - closing of joint motion in transverse plane (up/low) - ANSWER-medial rotation- anterior moving in lateral rotation - anterior moving out Joint movement - ANSWER-dorsiflexion agonist motoneuron stimulated, antagonist inhibited types of motion - ANSWEFlinear - straight line curvilinear - curve angular - axis general - linear angular types of levers - ANSWEF-first class - muscle of neck, rare 2nd class - calf to sland on tocs, good for large resistance 3rd class - small muscle contract. good range and speed fulcrum, effort, resistance - ANSWEF-fulcrum - point of action supporting weight effort - muscle performing load - weight of movement contor of mass definition - ANSWEF-mathematical point al which mass of a body or object is evenly distributed depends on distribution position body action importance of center of mass- ANSWER-determines stability of static positions provide axis for all airborne rotations reference point considering whole trailectory center of gravity definition - ANSWER-mathematical point at which forces of gravit: considered to be acting upon moment of inertia outline - ANSWER-how difficult object rotate about axis kg x m2 depending on mass +distrubution more mass away from axis = greater MOI more mass near axis of rotation = easier projcclile motion - ANSWER-once obicct is in the air, no propelling force kceps il moving (newton Ist law) path of prictile determined by moment it le: eS factors include projection velocity (speedtangle), height fluid dynamics - ANSWER-surface drag - increases with velocity, SA, density form drag - shape of body, increase with frontal area vs shape wave drag - opposing force by object = fluid waves drag equation - ANSWER-F= -1/2CdApv'2 Bernoulli's Principle - ANSWER-when object moves through medium at higher velocity, pressure reduce. Fast = low pressure gross motor - large muscle interaction continuum - ANSWER-individual - isolation coactive - alongside interactive - confront ability definition - ANSWEF-inherent trails genetic attributes capacily Lo learn skills Fleishman’s taxonomy of abilities - ANSWER-pereeptual-motor physical proficiency examples of perceptual-motor abilities - ANSWER-control percision multi-limb coordination response reaction speed rate control manual dexcrity steadiness wrist/finger speed aiming postural discrimination response integration examples of physical proficiency abilities - ANSWER-extent or static flexibility dynamic flexibility static strength dynamic strength explosive strength trunk sLrength gross body coordination gross body equilibrium stamina skilled athlete vs novice - ANSWER-coordination, consistency, focused, efficiency The Black Box Model of information processing - ANSWE- input of stimulus. environment, sensation --- central nervous system ---output --- feedback ing - ANSWER-input -- -decision ---efferent organization ---output ---feedback Welford’s model of information proc sation ---perception --- short term memory = long term memory exteroceptors vs interceptors - ANSWER-exteroceptors - info from outside body interceptors - info about inside body Swets’ signal detection theory - ANSWER-background, non-essential information = noise important info = signal motor programs outline - ANSWEF-open loop - cannot change movement once started, w/o recourse peripheral feedback, including executive motor program = link multiple actions closed loop - can change movement once started, use perceptual trace = memory of feel of successful past, selection initiation control by memory trace Schmidt's schema theory - ANSWER-schema = set of generalized rules/generic to group of movement recall schema - memory for choicetinitiation recognition schema - memory for feel of action requires recall of past situations from LTM stored in STM for decision-making response specifications feedback and information processing - ANSWEF-intrinsic - without outside help, feel of movement extrinsic - info by outside help, concurrent (during) or terminal (completion) forms of fordback - ANSWERknowledge of results - post- knowledge of performance - past-response info about nature of movement (sensory) -need instructions, mistakes stages of learning - ANSWER-cognitive associative - need practice but have knowledge auLonomous - consistent performance, pro sspons¢ info about outcome (visual) learning curves - ANSWER-linear positively accelerated negatively accelerated plateau transter of training- ANSWER-positive transfer - good effect on peer negative transfor - restrict effect on peer zero transfer - no effect increase practice not = to increase learning rate, may be negatively affected by over practicc/incorree| Lechnique type of practice - ANSWEIintervals between practice - mass practice, distributed practice order of practice - blocked (aaa), random, serial (abe) types of transfer of skills in leaming - ANSWER-skill to skill practice to performance abilities to skills bilateral stage to stage principles to skills task presentation - ANSWER-whole (mass) whole-part-whole