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“Rule of Nines" - ANS-Medical concept, where major body areas are represented by increments of 9% *For example, the head equals 9% 109F - ANS-In hyperthermia, what core body temperature is generally fatal within minutes unless treated? 4.0 to 10 w.c. - ANS-The typical water column range for gas service lines Ath Amendment - ANS-The amendment concerning search and seizure *Remember "knocking" 5th Amendment - ANS-The amendment concerning pleading, grand jury and double jeopardy *Remember "hand over mouth" 6th Amendment - ANS-The amendment concerning speedy trial, impartial, right to counsel, and face witness *Remember "point to wrist watch" Absolute - ANS-The temperature scale based on the lowest possible temperature of absolute zero Acute - ANS-A type of toxicity exposure that involves a one-time exposure at a high level Advancing - ANS-The burned section of a wildfire that an investigator should enter first in order to begin examining the wildfire Aerial Layer - ANS-The layer in wildfire investigations, which begins at six feet above and up and includes branches, tree moss, and leaves Ambient Wind - ANS-The factor or force that can potentially overcome the fire's tendency to burn uphill, and in turn force the fire to burn downhill Ampacity - ANS-Conductor capacity Ampere - ANS-Unit of electrical current Arc - ANS-Luminous electrical discharge across a gap Arc Mapping - ANS-An electrical analysis that is fundamentally pattern recognition Arcing - ANS-An electrical event that is typically too brief and localized to be a competent ignition source Arson - ANS-From the standpoint of investigative preparation, documentation, and scene control etc., every fire should be approached as if it is potentially what type of fire? Arson Motives - ANS-Vandalism, excitement, revenge, crime concealment, profit, extremism, and pyromania are seven types of what? ASTM E1618 - ANS-What standard governs evidence collection for accelerant testing? Auto-ignition Temperature - ANS-The minimum temperature at which combustible substance ignites without spark or flame Axisymmetric Plume - ANS-A fire plume in the center of the room with no wall interface Backdraft - ANS-A low-order explosion that is the result of an oxygen-depleted fire that produces high concentrations of incomplete combustion products, with a sudden mixture of air into the accumulated fuels Battery - ANS-The only source of electricity in a vehicle when the engine is not running Blast Pressure Front - ANS-The expanding leading edge of explosion reaction, which is primarily responsible for explosion damage and injuries BLEVE - ANS-The most frequently encountered mechanical explosion BLEVE - ANS-An event that occurs when a vessel's contents are liquid and heating causes the liquid to exceed its boiling point and failure of the vessel occurs Rapid Boiling - ANS-This is the mechanism in a Mechanical Explosion, along with the expansion of pressurized gas Bow - ANS-The front of a boat Breaker Panel - ANS-In an electrical system, this device primarily functions as a main cutoff, electrical protection, and power distribution Condensed-Phase Explosive - ANS-A solid explosive that is characterized by high pressures, crushing effects, and typically pronounced seats Condensed-Phase Explosion - ANS-Explosions involving a solid--as opposed to a diffuse fuel--in which the fuel and oxidizer is mechanically mixed or the material itself can be rapidly and molecularly converted Conductors - ANS-These provide a pathway for current to flow in an electrical system Congestion and Confinement - ANS-These two conditions are essential for an outdoor vapor cloud explosion to occur, otherwise the ignition of the flammable cloud would merely produce a flash fire Connection Points - ANS-The typical location on a circuit where electrical overheating is most likely to occur (eg. loose connection or resistive oxide at the connection) Contamination - ANS-Inhalation, cutaneous, ingestion, injection and ocular are the five routes of what? Convertor - ANS-A device in an RV that transforms AC to DC Cumulative - ANS-A type of toxicity exposure that involves repeated exposure over time Cupping - ANS-A fire pattern in a wildfire, where the grass or foliage is beveled on the side facing the fire Curiosity - ANS-The most common reason for children playing with fire Daubert Challenge - ANS-A legal challenge to the reliability of expert's opinions, utilized to discover the method's testability, peer-reviewed, error rate, and community acceptance Dead Load - ANS-The weight of the building's materials Deck - ANS-A permanent covering over a boat's compartment/ hull Deflagration - ANS-A type of blastwave that is subsonic and does not produce a shockwave Deflagration and Detonation - ANS-The two main classes of combustion explosions Deposition - ANS-A legal procedure that is part of discovery and seeks to obtain and preserve a testimony Detonation - ANS-A type of oxidation reaction and chemical explosion that produces a shockwave Detonation - ANS-A type of blast wave that is supersonic and produces a shockwave Diaphragm - ANS-The most common pressure regulator in a fuel gas system Diffuse Fuel - ANS-Suspended fuel that is capable of being ignited and propagating a flame front *such as gas, dust, aerosol, mist, and particulate Diffuse-Phase Explosion - ANS-A rapid combustion of a gas, vapor, mist or dust--that is premixed with air--leading to an explosion Diffusion - ANS-When the fuel and air mix at the region of combustion (eg. candle) Diffusion Burning - ANS-The ordinary sustained burning mode in most fires Discovery - ANS-This legal procedure involving these three forms: a written request to produce, interrogatories, and depositions Drying Oil or Linseed Oil - ANS-The most common consumer product that can self-heat and spontaneously ignite Duration - ANS-The primary distinction between a spark and an arc Ejecta - ANS-The material thrown out of crater during a seated explosion Empirical Scale - ANS-A temperature scale based on the freezing and boiling of water (eg. Fahrenheit and Celsius) Electrical Ignition - ANS-(1) An electrical component being energized and (2) sufficient heat igniting nearby combustibles are the two primary conditions for what type of ignition to occur? Energy - ANS-A property of matter manifested in the ability to perform work, such as movement or heat Created or Destroyed - ANS-One law of energy says that energy cannot be what? Engine - ANS-The fire origin location which often results in damage to the bottom of the windshield on the passenger side Fire Effects - ANS-The underlying data used to identify fire patterns Fire Flanks - ANS-The lateral sides of a wildfire Fire Hazard - ANS-Electrical equipment and conductors used appropriately and protected properly do not normally present WHAT? Fire Head - ANS-The advancing and most rapid section of the wildfire Fire Heel - ANS-The section of a wildfire where fire spread is called "backing fire" Fire Pattern - ANS-Visible or measurable changes formed by a fire effect Fire Patterns - ANS-Surface deposits, surface thermal effects, charring, penetration, and consumption are the five categories of what? Fire Plume - ANS-The column of hot gases, flames, and smoke rising above fire Fire Plume - ANS-This is thought to be the single most important factor in fire scene reconstruction Fire Point - ANS-The temperature at which a vaporizing liquid results in sustained burning Fire Science - ANS-The study of the basic understanding of ignition and combustion Fire Science - ANS-The body of knowledge concerning fire, fire dynamics, thermodynamics, fire chemistry etc Fire Spread - ANS-The fire characteristic that has three mechanisms: direct flame impingement, remote ignition by heat transfer, and dropdown Fire Tetrahedron - ANS-A concept of fire science, which explains that fire is comprised of the fuel, oxidizing agent, heat, and an uninhibited chemical chain reaction Five Compartments - ANS-How many compartments can a vehicle be divided into? (exterior, engine, passenger, cargo, and underchassis) Flames - ANS-A phenomenon that is NOT present in all fires *For example, smoldering fires Flammable Range - ANS-The range between LEL and UEL Flash Point - ANS-The lowest temperature of a liquid that leads to a momentary flame across its surface Flashover - ANS-A phenomenon characterized when the upper layer reaches 1100°F and the heat flux reaches 20 kW/m2 (or 2 W/cm2) Forces - ANS-The purpose of building's structure is to resist WHAT? Fugitive Gas - ANS-Also known as "escaping gas" Fugitive Natural Gas - ANS-What is the most common cause of an accidental diffuse- phase explosion? Gas/Vapor Combustion Explosion - ANS-The most commonly encountered explosion and the most easily ignited fuels that can cause explosions Point of Origin - ANS-An area of great damage could indicate (1) high HRR, (2) ventilation, or (3) long exposure; not necessarily WHAT? Ground Layer - ANS-The lowest layer in a wildfire, which is comprised of twigs, leaves, roots, and duff decaying layer Ground Fault - ANS-An unintended current outside the normal circuit path Hazard - ANS-What must be identified, determined (for the risk), and mitigated for safety and risk assessment? Heat - ANS-A form of energy, via the vibration of molecules Heat - ANS-The form of energy that is capable of initiating chemical changes or state changes Heat - ANS-This is generated by electrical resistance Heat - ANS-This is liberated in all chemical explosions, because of the fuel's chemical changes Heat Capacity - ANS-The measure of the amount of heat held or maintained in the material Heat Flux - ANS-Heat transfer rate per unit area (or power per unit area) Heat Flux - ANS-This concept is measured in kW/m2 or Wicm2 Heat Transfer - ANS-When heat naturally moves from a higher temperature mass to a lower temperature mass lonization - ANS-The type of most residential smoke detectors, which is a radiation type Irregular Pattern - ANS-An investigator should use this term rather than saying "pour pattern" Joule - ANS-Unit of measurement for energy Kilowatt (kW) - ANS-Unit of measurement for heat transfer Laminar Flame - ANS-This type of combustion is rarely involved in explosions, because explosions usually involve turbulent flame speed instead Latency - ANS-A type of toxicity exposure that involves delayed effects Gas Leakage - ANS-The main cause of gas-fuel fires and explosions LEL - ANS-The end of the explosive mixture range that does NOT tend to produce much post-explosion fire, because nearly all of the available fuel is consumed in explosion propagation Lens Aperture - ANS-The part of the camera that controls the amount of light admitted and involves f-stops Live loads - ANS-The weight of temporary structural loads, such as snow Lividity - ANS-The body's postmortem settling of blood Low Explosive - ANS-A type of explosive that carries both the fuel and necessary oxygen for combustion, resulting in a subsonic deflagration Lower Flammable Limit - ANS-The minimum percentage of fuel in air at which combustion can occur Low-order Damage - ANS-A category of explosion damage resulting in short distances, intact debris, and dislodged members Mass Arson - ANS-Three or more arsons at the same site, within a limited timeframe Mechanical and Chemical - ANS-The two major types of explosions Blast Overpressure - ANS-The primary differentiating factor between mechanical and chemical explosions is the mechanism that produces WHAT? Minimum Explosible Concentration - ANS-The minimum concentration of a dust cloud capable of propagating a deflagration through the uniform mixture of dust-and-air Motive - ANS-The explanation for "Why?" an act would be committed (not a required element of crime) Narcotic Gases - ANS-Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen Cyanide, and Oxygen-depleted air (hypoxia) are examples of what category of toxins in fires? Natural Gas - ANS-A type of gas that is mostly methane and lighter than air (0.59 to 0.72 vapor density) Negative Pressure Phase - ANS-The low-pressure phase of a blast pressure front, which is created by positive pressure, causing air to rush back toward the origin to equalize the low-pressure condition Negligence - ANS-The majority of civil litigation cases are based on allegations of what? Negligence - ANS-The legal claim that involves a duty, failure, proximate cause, and loss NFPA 13 - ANS-The NFPA standard that regulates water-based fire suppression systems Obstacles - ANS-These features increase turbulence during explosions Ohms - ANS-Unit of electrical resistance Ohms Law - ANS-Expressed by the formula: Voltage (V) equals Current (I) times Resistance (R) Overcurrent - ANS-Any current in excess of an equipment's rated current or of the conductor's ampacity of conductor (‘such as a ground fault, short circuit, or overload) Overload - ANS-A large enough and persistent enough overcurrent Overpressure - ANS-Pressure that is generated or released in excess of the surrounding ambient pressure Oxidation - ANS-The basic chemical process associated with combustion Oxidation - ANS-The combination of oxygen with a substance, which is brought about by high temperatures Rigor Mortis - ANS-The body's postmortem stiffening of muscles Scrubbing - ANS-A phenomenon where the gas odor fades, typically due to migrating through the soil Seated Explosions - ANS-This type of explosion phenomenon can be caused by explosives, steam boilers, BLEVEs in small containers, and confined fuel gas Secondary - ANS-A category of ignition sources such as sparks, arcs, hot surface, friction, radiant heat, and chemical reactions Self-ignition - ANS-This is the result of self-heating (or spontaneous heating), which then leads to spontaneous combustion Serial Arson - ANS-Three or more arsons with a cooling off period in between Service Lines - ANS-The section of gas piping that are the service laterals from the company mains to the customer Short Circuit - ANS-An abnormal electrical connection that causes an overcurrent, because when resistance goes down current goes up Approaching Fire - ANS-In a wildfire, greater damage, white ash, staining, soothing, and curling are fire spread indicators on the side facing the WHAT? Slightly Fuel Rich - ANS-The status of fuel where the most violent gas/vapor explosions occur, other than stoichiometric mixture Smoke - ANS-The collection of solid (soot), liquid (aerosols), and gaseous products (vapors) of incomplete combustion Smoldering - ANS-Solid phase combustion, without flame Solid Fuel Ignition - ANS-Smoldering ignition, piloted ignition, and autoignition are three forms of WHAT type of ignition? Sparks - ANS-Particles thrown out by arcs Spherical - ANS-The ideal shape of a blast wave front Spree Arson - ANS-Three or more arsons with no cooling off period Starboard - ANS-The right side of a boat Starter - ANS-The vehicle component with the largest conductor in the vehicle because of the large amount of power needed to engage the engine. Stern - ANS-The rear of a boat Less Violent - ANS-An explosion occurring near LEL or UEL tend to be than those occurring near optimum stoichiometric concentrations Strict Liability - ANS-This type of civil litigation regarding liability, involves both the product's manufacturer and seller Heat Generation - ANS-What do these four occurrences each generate which leads to an electrical ignition: (1) parting arcs by short circuit and ground fault, (2) excessive overcurrent, (3) resistance heating, (4) and ordinary sources (eg. heater)? Superstructure - ANS-The cabins and other structures above the boat deck Surface Layer - ANS-The middle layer in a wildfire, which is the most common material first ignited Tenability - ANS-Ability to escape a fire Thermal Conductivity - ANS-The measure of how much heat will flow or pass through a material Thermal Cutoff - ANS-A device on an appliance or motor that prevents excessive temperature Thermal Runaway - ANS-In a spontaneous combustion scenario, the material's inability to dissipate heat generated by the internal exothermic reaction leads to WHAT process? Thermal Runaway - ANS-This is the process in spontaneous combustion, which is a contest between exothermic chemistry and heat loss to the surroundings Thermodynamics - ANS-The discipline of physics concerning the relationship between heat and other forms of energy Thermoplastics - ANS-Plastics that soften and melt, but do NOT smolder Thermoset Plastics - ANS-Plastics that pyrolyze directly to ignitable gases because they decompose in fire Thermoset Plastics - ANS-Plastics that do NOT soften, but form char Truncated Cone Pattern - ANS-A 3-D pattern on horizontal and vertical surface, which combines a V pattern on a vertical wall and a circular pattern on a horizontal ceiling Exothermic Chemical Reaction - ANS-The mechanism that generates the pressure ina Chemical Explosion Mathematical Modeling - ANS-These tools predict real world phenomena with scientific principles and empirical data Ampacity - ANS-The current that a conductor can carry continuously under conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating Explosions - ANS-A phenomenon where a blast wave is generated in air by a rapid release of energy Condensed-phase Explosives - ANS-Diffuse explosive mixtures are often contrasted with what type of explosives? Diffuse Explosive Mixtures - ANS-Condensed-phase explosives are often contrasted with what type of explosive mixture? Inverted Cone - ANS-A fire pattern shaped like a triangle, with the apex at the top and the base at the bottom V-shaped Pattern - ANS-A fire pattern shaped like a funnel or upside-down cone, with the apex at the bottom Hourglass Pattern - ANS-A fire pattern created by the combination of the lower inverted V-shape of the flame zone and the upper V-shape of the plume U-shape Pattern - ANS-A fire pattern that is more curved than a V-pattern, and its base is typically higher than the V-pattern (because of the location of the burning fuel and where the fire plume interacts with the wall) Truncated Cone - ANS-A fire pattern that is 3D, created on both vertical and horizontal surfaces, typically occurring at the intersection of two vertical surfaces (walls) 
