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Some important topics from the course are Kinetics, Equilibrium, Acid-Base Chemistry, Applications of Aqueous Equilibria, hermodynamics, Electrochemistry and Organic Chemistry. Keywords in these lecture handout are: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Water Former, Electronic and Bonding Properties, Quantitative Application, Bond Dissociation Energy, Isotopes of Hydrogen, Isotope Effects, Synthesis of Hydrogen, Reactivity of Hydrogen, Binary Hydrides
Typology: Exercises
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The previous chapters have significant theoretical components and were oriented toward quantitative application. This chapter is somewhat more descriptive in nature. We will review:
A. Hydrogen is a diatomic gas (H 2 ) under normal T & P.
B. Where is hydrogen found?
A. Recall that isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.
B. Isotope effects
H 2 O( l ) W H+^ ( aq ) + OH!( aq ) K = 1.01 x 10!^14 D 2 O( l ) W D+^ ( aq ) + OD!( aq ) K = 0.195 x 10!^14
Do you think k (^) f is different, k (^) r is different, (both)?
B. Hydrogen as a halogen:
H( g ) + e!^ ÿ H!( g ) Eea = !73 kJ/mol
2 H 2 ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) ÿ 2 H 2 O( l ) )H° = !572 kJ
Traveling by dirigible? (photo, p. 736)
A. Ionic Hydrides
2 Na ( l ) + H 2 ( g ) ÿ 2 NaH( s ) m.p. (d?) > 800°C Ca ( s ) + H 2 ( g ) ÿ CaH 2 ( s ) m.p. = 816°C
Are the electronegativity differences indicative of bond character?
B. Covalent Hydrides
C. Metallic Hydrides
B. O 2 is produced (actually purified) on a large scale by distilling liquid air. b.p.’s: N 2 = !196°C Ar = !186°C O 2 = !183°C
B. Oxygen forms
A. The oxygen is in the !2 oxidation state in oxides.
B. The ionic character of the oxides across a period (as judged by m.p.) varies more or less as you would predict based on electronegativity. (Fig. 18.7, p. 746)
A. H 2 O 2 has numerous industrial uses.
B. H 2 O 2 can act both as an oxidant and a reductant, both with other chemicals & with itself (disproportionation):
2 H 2 O 2 ( l ) ÿ 2 H 2 O( l ) + O 2 ( g ) )H°=!196 kJ + boom?
C. Do we have any water pollution problems in our area?