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1st WEEK Water’s properties: 1)Good solvent : Water dissolved lots of water. Without water biochemical reaction cannot happen. 2)Water is good transporter. Solid substances that cannot dissolve in water, can carry with water and thanks to this event these substances are transported from one place to the another place. 3)Also many aquatic insects or amphbians need water in development stage of their life cycle. Aquatic insects have different life cycle. They go metamorphosis and their larval stage continue in freshwater.
- Water is used also agriculture field. Most of the water on Earth is used for agriculture need. Nearly 70 % of water is used for agriculture. 5)It is used for also energy production with hydroelectrical plants.
- water is also used for household chores. Like cleaning, washing, shower. Subbranches of hydrobiology:
Aquaticmicrobiology:
Marinebiology:
Limnology: Study of freshwater ecosystems.
Planktonology: It focuses on plankton.
Algology: science of algea.
Ichthylogy: It focuses on fish.
HYDROBİOLOGY:Hydrobiology focuses physical chemical and biological features of water. Also hydrobiology is a scientific area which studies on organism that interact with water.Furthermore hydrobiology is a multi- disciplinary because it include biology, physics, chemistry and geology.
WATER ON EARTH
About 71% of the Earth's surface is water-covered, and the oceans hold about 97.5% of all Earth's water.But freshwater include only 2,5%. Fortunately water never ends on earth thanks to water cycle but water is not created. What about fresh water sources? But freshwater include only 2,5% of water on earth. Most significant freshwater source is ıce (covered %69.5 of freshwater) and groundwater(covered %30,1 of freshwater).Surface water covered only %0,4 of freshwater.
GLACIER: ice on land(Land ice) Ice shelf=sea ice=iceberg: Frozen water that flow on water. Ground ice and permafrost indicate the frozen ice on Earth.Perma indicate permanent comes from the frozen. Permafrost means any type of ground (soil, sediment, rock) frozen minimum 2 years some of them can be frozen for 100000 years(Difference between ground ice permafrost). Thickness of permafrost are vary. It changes a few ft to miles. What happens when ice sheath, glacier and permafrost thaws? Most of the freshwater on Earth are frozen If they melt most of unwanted situation can be happen. If glaciers melt , sea level increase dramatically. Floods occur in coastal area.This is really dangerous for living thing. Since there are many viruses and bacteria found in the glaciers, new virus pandemic situation can be seen.
Why surface layer and deeper parts dont mix in black sea? Surface layer has lower salinity than the deeper part and deep layers colder than surface layers. These two situation cause density differences and surface layer and deeper parts dont mix in black sea. Black sea level a little bit higher than the zero. Because large quantity of freshwater are found in black sea in terms of rivers and rains.So water is outflow from bosphorus to the dardanelles in black sea. In bosphorus 2 different flow currents meet. Surface layer goes from black sea to the marmara sea and deep layer goes from marmara sea to the black sea.These two flow current don’t mix because of density difference.( karadenizdeki bu flow difference tan birçok gemi kazası meydana geliyor.)
2nd WEEK FRESHWATER: Freshwater is a water that contain lower dissolved material and salts than sea. They found in earth surface in the form of e in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams and also they found in underground in aquifers and underground streams. Briny water: It has more salt concentration than saline water. Salinity is generally higher than 50 ppt. Salt Lake is example. Freshwater ecosystems cover 0.8% of the Earth's surface and inhabit 0.009% of its total water. They generate nearly 3% of its net primary production. We know that marine communities contain more species in total. But, number of species per unit volume of water is quite high in freshwater ecosytems compared to the seas. Why could it be? Because of adaptation. For example freshwater sources founds a lots of place that include underground , a top of a mountain or these sources can be different size or their salinity can be different so these variety parameters habitat diversity is quite high in freshwater ecosystem. Types of Freshwaters: There are 2 basic types of freshwater ecosystems: Lentic: Ecosystem where waters do not flow continuously.They are slow flowing waters.Lake, pond that lacustrine habitat and marsh,bog , swamp paludal habitats are example of lentic freshwater. Lotic: In this type freshwater ecosystem water flow continuously,rivers streams are example. Differences swamp and marsh: Swamp is covered with large trees , marsh is covered small plants.
RIVERS:
Rivers are large bodies of water that are flow into another source of water by gravity.( Water places higher elevation to the lower elevation). There is a metarial like rock, soil in the river. In other words rivers are dynamic channels that can be change their directions.
Ephemeral streams (Intermittent streams): They are temporary bodies of water that occur
thanks to precipitation at certain times of the year and these streams are seen in arid
regions.
The extent of temporary rivers is increasing because
-perennial rivers are becoming temporary due to increasing water demand
-anthropogenic pressure
-climate change
-irrigation(sulama)
Largest rivers on earth Nile, 6650 km Amazon River, 6400 km (S. America) Yangtze River, 6300 km (China) Mississippi River, 6275 km (N. America) Yenisei River, 5540 km (Russia) Water Conflict: Water conflict is the conflict of countries because of water resources. Fırat ve dicle conflict between turkey syria and ıraq.Countries trapped water damlake and water flow restricted.
Stream Brook 1)Stream refers to large flowing waters but brooks generally refers to small and shallow stream. 2)The size in stream is large but brook is smaller than rivers and creeks.
- bed material generally rocks and stone like structure in brook but in streams bed material is silt. 4)Streams are deeper than brooks .Brooks are generally very shallow and narrow. Strahler's stream ordering system
It is s scientific classification to indicate the size of running waters.
-The amount of pollutants also increase because of human activities. -River bed material changes
- Biological diversity also change from upstream to the downstream.
- Fish communities also change some species of fish prefer could water so they are found upstream direction. Bed material from upstream to the downstream. Bolders are large materials to move so we can observe these kind of material in the upstream but silt and clay are tiny materials and they are moved easily so we con observe them downstream. Biological diversity also change from upstream to the downstream. For example woody plants are seen in river mouth because these plants needs silt and clay to get nutrients from the soil.Upper parts of the river we can see several insect with hook.They attached themselves on bed material with these hook and prevent themselves flowing downstream.Fish communities also change some species of fish prefer could water so they are found upstream direction. Zonation of rivers
In general, There 3 different zonation in rivers: 1)Headwater: Elevation and speed is quite high. Bed material is large particle. 2)Transfer zone :It is warmer from headwaters. 3)Depositional zone:Organic material and inorganic material is carried in this zone.Speed is low.
The biological composition change is most distinguishable in fish communities
when you go downstream from the headwaters. A river zonation(also called
European Fish Zonation) based on the dominant fish species in longitidunal
sections of rivers.
Salmon(Trout)fishzone
Thymallus(Grayling)fishzone:This is not seen in turkey.
Barbus(Barbel)zone
Abramis(Bream)zone
3 week
Drainage basin (Nehir Havzası): The area where a flowing water gathers at one point, even though it comes from different directions. We can think that ıt is the bowl that collects the water in one place.Each basin have own characteristics.Volume of water in basin depend on size of basin how much prepicition it can carry. Basin can loose water by evaporation absorption by soils and vegetation so soil or sediment important characteristic of river basin.
They are several type of wetlands: Marshes: In marshs water found in that area for long period of time. It can be freshwater or salty water. Dominated flora is grassy.In other words dominated by reeds. Marshes can be tidal or non- tidal.Marshes dominated softy-greened plants.(reeds) Swamps: Swamp is a type of aquatic wetland.Woody plant is dominated in swamps.Colour of the water usually black in swamps. There are two types of swamps : Shrub swamps: Shrub means çalı Forested swamps: We see large tree. Plant communuity is different in these two type swamps. Bog: water source of the bog is precipitation. It is habitat for spongy and mossy. It contain fewer nutrients than a marsh hor swamps. Swamps amd marshes found generally warm climate but bog generally found in cold environments.Decomposing plant material inside the bog is peat.
Peat(Turkish is Torf) is very low in nutrients and generally acidic.Peat is important fuel.Electric energy can be provided from burning peat. First step of formation of peat is creation of coal. Sphagnum sp. most common plant found in bogs. Fen: Fen is similar to bog their water source is ground not precipitation. Fen is very rich nutrients than bog.Therefore fen has diverse species. PLANT COMMUNİTY DETERMİNES TYPE OF WETLANDS Estuary: Estuary is a region where freshwater mixes with the saltwater. In other words it is place rivers meet the sea.They are also called wetlands.Estuary have phytoplankton that are primary producers and its own water circulation trap plants and cause primary production. When we reach the river mouth nutrient amount is highest. So this high nutrient content water does not want to mix the sea. It go backwards and cycling occur. With this cycling nutrients settle down and these nurients is used by plants. This situation attract phytoplankton and fish so estuary productivity is higher than freshwater and sea. Delta, lagoon is also estuary. Delta: It is the structure formed by the materials carried by streams. Lagoon: They are near to the sea and they are connected the sea with channel. 4 WEEK Man made water sources include dams and canals. Man made water sources are important for many countries in terms of irrigation, transport or energy production and obtaining drinking and utility water .They are also called artificial lakes. Dams are built by controlling river waters. Thanks to precipitation , dams fill. The water which is stored in dam used for irrigation, drinking, or to produce energy(electrical). There are large river in World like Three Gorges Dam (Yangtze River, Hubei, China), Yusufeli Dam (Çoruh River, Artvin, Turkey).
Hydropower Plant
Hydro Power Plants convert the potential energy of water into electrical energy.Water is delivered to turbine by channel and water connected with generator and energy is produced.
We will see 3 different zone in the longitidunal damlake. 1)Riverine zone: Riverine comes from the river.Most likely to the river 2)Transition:Place between riverine and lacustrine zone.There is no clearing distinction between lacustrine and transition zone or between riverine and transition zone.There is gradual different.Therefore most of the factor like chemical, physical 3)Lacustrine: comes from the lake.It is similar to the lakes.It is near the dam. Downstream:It indicates water down to the down. Upstream:
Riverine zone is narrow we can see river bed. Bed material is composed of large rocks and flow of velocity is high and they carry lots of particles to thr inner parts of the damlake.Turbidity is high since water carries lots of suspended. (Zp – Photic depth; Zm – Mean depth; P – Production; R – Respiration; PPR – Primary production] ZP is photic depth which means light can reach that means photosynthesis can occur. And in riverine zone low light available.Zm means depth there is no light and photosynthesis is not enough.It is really limited .Nutrients are high because river carries lots of nutrients from the upstream.Organic matter supply is primarily allochthonous allochthonous means materials that come outside of the river.But autochthonous means materials produced within the reservoir. Lacustrine zone is broder en deeper in terms of accumulation of water.Flow is not high because of dam.Photic depth larger than mean depth so photosynthesis can occur and most of material produced by photoplankton so organic matter supply is autochthonous. Nutrients is limited because lots of nutrient is used in riverine and transitional zone. Impact of Dams: Impact of dams seperated into 3 Groups: 1)Downstreams Impacts:Reduced of biodiversity because normally river carry large amount of water to the downstream.But when we restricted their flow there would be little amount of water in the downstream direction.Many of the organism will be lost. Another impact is poor water quality.In the reservoir part we will see stratification.The water produced different layers that dont mix and bottom layer contain less oxygen and cold.Due to the microorganism respiration limited oxygen totally lost and when we release downstream water ,this water become cold and oxygen poor.It may contain some toxic substances because of anerobic respiration or organic material decomposition.
Sedimentation cause losing of energy in damlake. Main impact of dam is blocking fish migration.To solve this problem fish Gates= fishways= fish ladder is built on dams. Fish migration require upstream and downstream movement. Movement of direction (migration direction) depend on the e fish species, fish’s life stage, and the type of migration.Generally in early life stage of the fish migrate downstream but adult migrate upstream. Fishway design There are several fishway design and all of them aim to reduce slope.When slope is reducing fish swim easily and there is barrier these are used to rest for fish. Shade Balls The main purpose of using shadow balls that ,When bromine reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight, bromate is occur and it really carcinogenic and thanks to shade balls, sunlight cannot reach bottom layer of the reservoir and bromate is not occur. 5 WEEK Irrigation channels: Irrigation channels is a water channels.İrrigation channel take water from river to the agriculture areas.It has effect that enormous water consumption for agricultural areas.İrrigation channels also cause spread of invasive species between water sources because barrier are removed between river. Advantages: Preventing drough-flood events.Because water is diverted into different channel. Continuous supply of water for irrigation and drinking Navigation canals Disadvantages: Deforestation of large areas because lots of trees are cut to build these channels. Loss of land particularly deltas in river mouths because natural flood regime is altered. Alteration of biological composition (both terrestrial and aquatic); invasive species threat Alteration of fish migration Alteration of spawning grounds.
İnvasive species: Species that are not invative they are effected their environments harmfully because they compete with the other species in their ecosystem.They use sources very quickly and they can reproduce very quickly and they produces many offspring .Many of them carry diseases which can spread to the native fauna and Many of them are tolerant to unfavorable conditions.They show aggressive behavior. They might be great predator for other species.They can also feed up on natives species’s egg or larvae.They can be parasitic.They may lead to hybridization of native fauna.(genetic changes)
Potential effects of aquatic invasive species:
Ecological impacts
- They might be great predator for other species.They can also feed up on natives species’s egg or larvae and Local species can be extinct.
- Because of invasive species water regimes can change.
- İnvasive species disrupt thropic level relationships
- They may lead to hybridization of native fauna.(genetic changes)
- They can be parasitic.
Economic Impacts
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