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Human Nutrition Final Exam Questions & Answers.
What is a nutrient? - Correct Answer Chemical substances in food that contribute to health, many of which are essential parts of a diet. Nutrients nourish us by providing calories to fulfill energy needs, materials for building body parts, and factors to regular necessary chemical processes in the body. What are essential nutrients? - Correct Answer a substance that cannot be made by the body and therefore must be consumed to maintain health Which macronutrient provides the most energy? - Correct Answer Fats (Lipids) What are the three macronutrients? - Correct Answer Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids How many kcalories do carbohydrates supply per gram? - Correct Answer 4 kcalories How many kcalories do fats (lipids) supply per gram? - Correct Answer 9 kcalories How many kcalories do proteins supply per gram? - Correct Answer 4 kcalories Where does most digestion take place? - Correct Answer the small intestine What is overnutrition? - Correct Answer A state in which nutritional intake greatly exceeds the body's needs What is undernutrition? - Correct Answer Failing health that results from a long-standing dietary intake that is not enough to meet nutritional needs What is malnutrition? - Correct Answer Failing health that results from long-standing dietary practices that do not coincide with nutritional needs (can refer to both over and under nutrition) What is anthropometric assessment? - Correct Answer Measurement of body weight and the lengths, circumferences, and thicknesses of part of the body
What is biochemical assessment? - Correct Answer Measurement of biochemical functions (e.g. concentrations of nutrient by-products or enzyme activites in the blood or urine) related to a nutrient's functions What is clinical assesment? - Correct Answer Examination of general appearance of skin, eyes, and tongue; evidence of rapid hair loss; sense of touch; and ability to cough or walk What is dietarty assessment? - Correct Answer Estimation of typical food choices relying mostly on the recounting of one's usual intake or a record of one's previous days' intake What is enviromental assessment? - Correct Answer Includes details about living conditions, education level, and the ability of the person to purchase, transport, and cook food. The person's weekly budget for food purchases is also a key factor to consider. What are some determinants of health? - Correct Answer family health history, medical history, a list of medications taken, a social history (marital status, living conditions, etc), level of education, & economic status What is a macronutrient? - Correct Answer A nutrient needed in gram (large) quantities in a diet (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) What is a micronutrient? - Correct Answer A nutrient needed in milligram or microgram (small) quantities in a diet (vitamins and minerals) What is dietary fiber? - Correct Answer Substances in plant foods not digested by the processes that take place in the human stomach or small intestine that adds bulk to feces (found naturally in foods) What are simple sugars (carbohydrates)? - Correct Answer monosaccharide or disaccharide in the diet, frequency referred to as sugars what is a phytochemical? - Correct Answer A chemical found in plants. Some phytochemicals may contribute to a reduced risk of cancer or cardiovascular disease in people who consume them regularly what are some fods that are rich in phyochemicals? - Correct Answer "whole foods", mainly fruits and vegetables
Can vitamins or minerals be destroyed? - Correct Answer yes What is the main function of vitamins? - Correct Answer to enable many chemical reactions to occur in the body. some of these reactions help release the energy trapped in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. (does not provide usable calories in diet) What does the DSHEA of 1994 classify and why? - Correct Answer It classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbal remedies as "foods" which restrains the U.S. FDA from regulating them as tightly as drugs and food additives. what effect does the DSHEA of 1994 have on safety and efficacy of those substances? How does it differ with food additives and drugs? - Correct Answer The FDA must prove that the substances are unsafe before preventing it sale. However, food additives and drugs have to be demostrated to the FDA's satisfaction before they are marketed. What are functions of villi? - Correct Answer villi, which are fingerlike projections, help trap food to enhance absorption (increases surfacce area for better absorption) What is portal circulation? - Correct Answer The portion of the circulatory system that uses a large vein (portal vein) to carry nutrient-rich blood from capillaries in the intestines and portions of the stomach to the liver (this is where most of the nutrients from recently eaten foods are tranferred into) What is the enterohepatic circulation? - Correct Answer A continual recycling of compounds between the small intestine and the liver; bile acids are one example of a recycled compound What is bioavailability? - Correct Answer Degree to which an ingested nutrient is absorbed What is an antioxidant? - Correct Answer Compound that stops the damaging effects of reactive substances seeking an electron What is vitamin E? - Correct Answer Resides mostly in cell membranes as a fat-soluble antioxidants.
Which essential nutrient plays a clearly understood role in vision? - Correct Answer Vitamin A What is scurvy? - Correct Answer Primarily a vitamin C deficiency disease Which essential nutrient is often deficient in alcoholics; deficiency leads to beriberi. - Correct Answer Thiamin What is megaloblastic anemia? - Correct Answer The condition that results from deficiency in Vitamin B12 and/or folate Deficiency of what essential nutrient causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults? - Correct Answer Vitamin D What is the only dietary deficiency disease (of niacin) ever to reach epidemic proportions in the United States? - Correct Answer Pellagra What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)? - Correct Answer Daily intake of a nutrient that meets the needs of 97.5% of all healthy individuals What is energy density? - Correct Answer Comparison of the calorie content of a food with weight of a food What are the Three (3) foundations of a healthy food plan? - Correct Answer variety (eating many different foods), balance (consuming food from each group), and moderation (smaller portion sizes) What is it when a food is nutrient dense? - Correct Answer it's a food that provides a large amount of nutrient for a small amount of calories Which mineral is important in the synthesis of thyroid hormone (lack of it will lead to goiter) ? - Correct Answer Iodide Which mineral is better absorbed as the heme form present in animal products like beef? - Correct Answer Iron
What is negative protein balance? - Correct Answer A state in which protein intake is less than related protein losses, as is often seen during acute illness What are characteristics of kwashiorkor? - Correct Answer Rapid onset of mild to moderate weight loss, edema, ad maintenance of some muscle and subcutaneous fat What are the functions of fat? - Correct Answer adds flavor to food, carrier of fat-solube vitamins, & insulates and protects the body
