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Supplemental material SM 1. Summary of Human Injuries Due to SM 2. Human Injuries Due to^ Human injuries and fatalities due to venomous marine The supplemental material comprises six spreadsheets (SM 1^ Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA snails of the family Conidae C. geographus^ Online Supplements Conus^ Alan J. Kohn Envenomation – 6) and three documents (SM 7 – 9):^1
SM 3. Human Injuries Due to Piscivorous SM 4. Human Injuries Due to Molluscivorous SM 5. Human Injuries Due to Vermivorous SM 6. Human Injuries Due to unidentified SM 7. Resolution of Previously Erroneous and Questionable Species Identifications SM 8. References to Literature Cited in Supplemental Materials but not in Main Text SM 9. Additional Figures Related to Specific Cases ConusConus Conus Conus other thanspecies species species C. geographus
SM 2. HUMAN INJURIES DUE TO CONUS GEOGRAPHUS Case No. 101112131415313839404144464748189 ₁ thenar eminencebetween thumbcenter of palm and forefinger"inside shirt"right thumblittle finger(unknown)sting siteleft palmleft palmleft wristthumbfingerfingerhandhandpalmhand comeout-AAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBB Immediate Symptomspares-thesiaVirtuallyVirtuallynone++ numb-slightnessnono++ ———————― pain, + otherafter 30 mininformationinformationat sting sitesymptoms'burning>erythemasevere* numb'++++-- > spreading pain,numbness, paresthesiaparesis or paralysisparesthesiaright arm to shoulderwhole body paralyzed 3-4 hrleft arm tingling > numb;whole body paralyzed 1 hrwhole body paralyzed 1 hrarms, joints stiff 30 min; chest paralyzed 1 hrarms, joints stiff 30 min; chest paralyzedarms, joints stiff 30 min; chest paralyzedweak, numb all over (15-30 min.)partly paralyzed'numbness of feet<——————————— ——————erythemaswelling,+, ++, --+ Subsequent symptomsresp. weak,resp. weak,dyspneashallowshallow++ or blurreddystopiasight++ ―—―———————————————————————— vertigo+ *collapsed 1 minfainted few minunable to walk after ~1600 mall limbs weakataxia++ for 72 hr+ (1 hr)coma1 hr+++- body temp., purpura lent musc. Tremorsconvulsions, vio-weak rapid pulsebradycardia, low>unable to speakthroat problemnausea; speech rapid breathingcirc., breathingdepressedheadachedifficultother time fromsting to< 12 hr50 min15 mindeath3-4 hr5 hr2 hr2 hr3 hr? time fromrecoverysting to10 days3 days3 days3 days? treatmentvictim made cuts all over arm and shoulder to bleed.strychnine HCl 1/60 gram injected(death w/in 15 min of arrival at dispensary)admitted hospital 1 hr after sting; died 1 hr later(initial symptoms+treatment same in 39, 40, 44)artifical respiration, "usual cardiac treatment"Benadryl (25 mg), Ca-gluconate (10 ml 10%), dextrose in normal saline(500 ml 1%), hot packs on left wrist
4952565758596162636571727374 C.g left breast afterr. index finger base of thumbright palm atright thumbbase of left right palm. put in bodiceabdomenunknownleft palmleft palmlefthand thumbl. wristr. handleg AAAAAABBBBBBBC Virtually?? of breast per-sisted 4 days'later' at sitesite numb post sting?? no no discolora-skin blotchy, red 3" diam.- not tender,informationlittle if any'sharp pinminimal 04:15sharpsharpsharpprick tion right arm 15 minnumbness, prickling of hand, forearm 3 daysnumbness, tinglingfingers,around mouthfew min: upper motor paralysis; unable to walk30 min. (admitted tohospital)paralysis of arm; spreadto all parts of body 45 min.eral on arrival home ~4 hr;"She lay down to rest"numbness spread to whole left arm, then shoulderhands, legs, lips numb; gen- +, red around face 15 min puncturetongue,+, red, purple- resp. ceased45 min after30-40 minsting diplopia30 minafter 04:15+ limbs uncoord-inated, unable towalk 4:15no muscle controldrowsy, weak 10 min + unc. >30 minafter 1.5 hrsemi-coma 10-15 min,semi-comaafter 2 hr convulsions 15 mindifficulty speakingconvulsions, tonicnausea, vomiting,speech impaireddysphagia 36 hr.~4hr, on arrivalno change untildisorientationmentally ok30-40 minhome after sting10 min.30 min45 min30 min< 1 hr1 day1 hr onset ~15 hrduring 48 hrout of dan-shore 1 hrger ~19 hrsymptomsrapid afterwalked tolessened2 days20 hr.36 hr.7 days7 days stung 13 June 1966; Benadryl intramusc. 20mg 1h, 40mg 2h; Thorazine + 5% dextrose in 500 ml.iv drip; victim had taken 2 antihistamine pills about 30 min before going fishing.tourniquet r arm; cut at woundstomach antacid; barbremoved in attemptto bleed woundstung 1815, 17 Apr. 1971; artificial respiration, ca. 5 min. after heartbeat erratic;kept heart moving only 5 min; tourniquet, ephedrine(only available stimulant), oxygenLocal medical asst. unknown injectionstung 10:00AM, began to walk home (10 mi.) 10:30; rested 8x, arr. ~2PM. On arrival, +loss of power, heaviness in arms, legs, soreness of eyes--difficulty opening. Laternauseous, ringing in ears. Carried toward Nasau Health Center. [cont. on species table]nonenoneInj.heart stimulus ('cardiac tonic'), glucose and Ringer's
84*^75768083 left index fingerleft forefingerleft ring fingerr. index fingerunknown^ AABBB^ +^ anesthetic inj.^ lasted 2-3 yrlocal until paralyzedtongue+^ sharp painslight painmoderate^ "completely numbness"^ whole body paralyzedwhole body numb 20 min, fin-^ ger 2 days, extremities 2 days^ +--^ + resp. paral.for 10 min+ 20 min^ (difficulty walking)+ 2-3 days+^ lips tremor, dysphagia,dysphonia, vomitingseizures; body rigidspasms; lips purplelow blood pressureunable to speak; 1.5 hr 4.5 days excpt:next day^ no treatmentinj. of "steroid, etc."could not flex finger; stung 2:00 AM 17 Aug. 1982Ringer's soln. with maltose, electrolytes, NS anti-inflammatory drugs, tranquilizerxylocaine 1ml 2% 5 min.; bled 3 ml; tourniquet on finger for 15 min;2ml Avil intramusc. Inj.; 100 mg intravenous hydrocortisone
98* 1001011031041051061131148586878890919293949699 (through wetsuit,under left breastbase of r. thumbright forefingerright buttockbase of right bathing suit) ring fingerright handunknowntip of left thumb dorsalhandhandhand^ A (?)AAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBB^ VirtuallyVirtuallyNo other data in Shirai (Table 44)No other data in Shirai (Table 44)No other data in Shirai (Table 44)No other data in Shirai (Table 44)- finger immediatefinger immediateparalysis handlegs 'heavy,' abit paralyzedarm rapidlyvery soon^ paralyzed2 minnono^ very sharp (cf.+ (like pulledexcruciatinginformationinformationsharp pain,sharp pain,erythemaerythemared hot+ sharpneedle) tooth)sharp+^ all limbs gradually more^ paralyzed over 2 hrnumbness: tongue 20 minlips 30, whole body 60 minwhole arm weak, then spreadingnumbness: 2 arms,neck, mouthlegs more paralyzed5 min mm. > 4"diamerythema 20+ many daysswelled,4 min-, +-, + min, then okslight for 203 min resp.short sharpproblem:breaths+ treated++^ + 30 min + after 20minstilldazed af-ter 10 minheadache +,+ unable to balance+ difficulty sittingstung 950 m fromwalking, stand-unable to walk or walk* 1 hring difficultup in bed+ -; mind clear^ ache, lightheadednessslurred speech, head-sisted 2nd day hosp.after 10 min "heartgen. weakness per-"serious; recover"vomiting, aphasia,off/on until deathBP, pulse normalsettled down;" turned bluestill dazedvomitingdysuriafatigue^ at 17:302 hr; died? (Shirai)? Soon~2 hr hosp. 4 dayshosp. 3 daysdischargedreleasedreleasedreleased1 month3 weeks11.5 hr24 hr?? "she died right on the beach"arms placed in ice water; tourniquetstung 4:30 PM 22 July 1982stung 8:00 PM 4 July 1981; * '+ headache, lightheadedness,general muscular weakness, speech slurred20 min felt as heart failing; massaged 5 min, >better butfaint when tried to get up*"acute cerebellar ataxia"able to start outboard, drive home, call hospitalarrived hospital 1 hr. 20 min after sting.
Notes^ Totals^11511813060 1 Pain (not described)^ mild/little/minimal^ moderate^ sharp^ severe^ excruciating^ other^ erythema^ burning-numb^ Description of painstomach; ~10 cmr. middle finger^ above navel^ left middle^ Frequencies of immediate pain, etc. types^ See SM 7.^ finger^ Σ^ A: 31^ B: 28^ C:BBB^601 8,14,39,40,44,94,13058,71,80,118^83 65,72, 73,74,76,88,103,104,10631, 105,^86 38,59,103^15 * in E 133 = + erythemaCase nos.^ A: 1B: 3^4 +^^113 B: 11A: 3C: 1^15 +^31 sharp^ like bee sting(of 52 + or -29/52= 56%^ reports)mild52%^2725 N^741931 Time to whole body paralysisCase no.mean (/10)rangemedian15, 31, 39^ 46, 62^1063806588 Time (hr)^ 0.25-0.50.750.3^42 126 3.5^ Σ^ 0.75=^3 3.50.750.3^42 3,5^3 0,750,750,3^42 14,31,40.25-40,75^ -, -^9 in hospitalA: 4B: 8^12 -^3 A: 1B: 6^7 350 m (1.5m depth)weakness after fewshore, collapsed athr; very weak , un-standing, walking^ steady next day1 hr difficulty^20 + (5-10 hr)Groups1-1.92-2.93-3.94-4.95-5.96-10<1^9 3 dysphonia6 dysphagia^96142011 mean/24 =median =mean =^ after 1 dayreleased131,925 days5,50^ 72 hr =3 days*drove home, blacked out en route, awoke early AM, continued home.dayshr^ SL (mm)^1351139580 5/15 w/in 1 hr: 33%Time sting to death^ median =Case no.72 (est.)99 (est.)4 (est.)mean =rangeN=15^131431383946485661628488 Σ =0.2-10^ 0,150,752,40hr.3,50,82,30,20,81,5^10365223222 sorted0,150,750,20,50,80,81,53,5^102222352 Time sting to recovery^ Case no.76 (est.)N = 19^101103106113114115101540475758596365718094 2506,511,5^240148148108720504120 hr.^7272722019483624962424 sorted11,5^10812012014814824050472019202424243648727272
SM 4. HUMAN INJURIES DUE TO MOLLUSCIVOROUS Case No. 1251261351381391121241282327359597541634562 victimsex ofMMMMMMMMMMMMMFFF–FFF age ofvictimadultadultadult 3631 – –––––––––––- 31 out-come A?ABBBBCBBCABCABBBBCC speciestextiletextiletextiletextiletextiletextiletextiletextiletextiletextiletextiletextilemarmoreusmarmoreus ?marmoreusmarmoreusmarmoreusmarmoreusaulicusaulicus likely from gan- grene, not sting No other details attribution tospecies at left accuracy ofunverifieduncertainuncertain <----------------------abdomen lateral l. middle fingerCONUSmiddle fingerseveral stingsright buttockl. index fingerl. index finger to r. rectusright handright palmsting sitehand?handhandfingerfingerfingerhandbacklip <-----------------------------------------------<----------------------IMM. SYMPT.> --------------------------------------------------- SPECIES +, ca. 75 mm radiusNo other detailsNo other detailsparesthesiafrom sting "shibire"?+ + after 0.4hr+ for 1 hr"shibire"+ for 1 hrnumb-ness+++ No data, all hearsay"pain, burningsensation"like bee or spidersharplike burning phos- phorus under skin "burning" sensation"pain" followed byburning of l. hand"sharp, burning"like very cold water on skin Few Detailspain, otherat sting sitesymptomsvery sharp pain <SUBSEQ. SYMPT.>mild numbness persistedfinger became numb, stiffsharp pain and swellingSeveral sources, noneparalysis of hand in 9 hrnumbness, paresthesianumbness entire rightpain, swelling of jointhand and entire armparesis or paralysisarm became numbsore for 1-2 daysspreading pain,hand, arm6 weeks -------------------------------------------------- to 1mm in 4-5 days+, +; both shrank+, +; erythema'3.5 cm diameter+, - l. side face+, + for 1 hrerythemaswelling,verified+, ++, -+, -- dyspnea ness of breathshort-++ -------------------------------------or blurreddystopiasight+ ----------------------------------------- poor muscle control for ~1 year collapsedastheniaataxia+ coma lightheadednessstomach cramps in 9 hrblanching ~25 mm from------------------------------>general malaise after 2headache, dry mouth,no non-local symptombad headache 15min,"became very weak"saw flashing lights;nausea for 12 hrdays; fever 37.8°site, 0.5-5 hrstaggeredanemiaother time fromsting to< 1 day2 daysdeath 1 week-1 year?2 d."soon"time fromafter 1 hrrecoveryone day,few days6 weeks6 weekssting to1 weekseveral1 weekexceptfingerdays3 hr1 hr? description; treatmentstung on hand 14 May 1859; 14 days later, right hand + arm gangrenous);stung 9 June 1860; tourniquet on upper arm >cold, swollen arm, feeble pulse; tourniquet removed. Treatment:large morphine dose; bled from incisions in upper armall pain except from incisions gone next morningC"sucked wound to draw out poison"date of sting not stated; stated sting "similar to some scorpion fish stings already experienced." SL ~45 mm.* '+ mild nausea 20 min after sting, numbness about mouth 0.3-2 hr. No treatment mentioned.stung 20 March 1973stung on hand 31 July 1977; admitted to hospital but no treatment statedstung on lip by (anti-inflammatory drug)stung on knuckle of finger while handling a Treatment: inj. Antihistamine: "alleviated direct distresss to joint.Victim "had little appetite;" received no medical treatment.stung Nov. 2009 through bathing suit pocket; * sting site swelling painful; became abscessed, w/2 fistulas discharging pus.Treatment: Sodium hypochlorite packs, topical antiseptics, clotrimazole, hydrocortisone butyrate. Oral amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid, metronidazole, tramadol. Hard cutaneous abscess attributed to hot humid climate fostering infection.Report alludes to more than one envenomation.victim "bitten twice on two occasions by what is believed to be the live cone was in a basket suspended on his back. He died after several hours."No treatment notedstung 31 July 1977; admitted to hospital but no treatment noted.stung ~1965. Collapsed, taken to hospital. Treatment: adrenaline; discharged same daystung 3 times within 3 min. by sameApplied meat tenderizer, wrapped finger in papaya leaves, took 15 antihistamine (Contac) pills; soaked finger in hot water with epsom salts after 1 weekwound "accompanied by acute pain, and making a small, deep triangular mark, whichis succeeded by a watery vesicle."Only report found: Halstead (1965: 688, 766.treatment: tourniquet (McG: may have caused death); numerous incisions in arm.. identity uncertain acc. Bahuaud, Ferro,Paux, not C&M C.t. lodged on his glasses as he was putting them on. Treatment: soludecadrone C.b. 12 May 1972. *Numbness persisted ~1 week; Headache persisted for 2 weeks; poor muscle control persisted ~1 year. Terebra maculata the C. marmoreus C.t. had just stung. The second time he was bitten
N=22 S=5^2060 FF^8 –^ A = 4? B = 12C = 6BC^ omariapennaceus^ left index fingerthenar region^ probable* black spot*pricking sensation^ reflexes absent in lower^ limbs, arms, neck^ around sitemoderateswelling^ +^ +^ +^ slurred speech^ nearly immed.~1 day (?)^ stung 27 Aug. 1954; *, "...a black spot surrounded by a moderately swollen area" smaller than whole palm. Treatment: artificialrespiration (Silvester Method), then O2 viaPrc. Consciousness regained after 2 hr, then re-established diaphragmatic resp.; artif.resp. discontinued after 4 hr.stung 19 July 1970; No treatment^ endotracheal anesthesia machine; 100mg.vitamin B1, 200,000 U penicillin
HUMAN INJURIES DUE TO VERMIVOROUS^ CONUS^ ENVENOMATIONSM 5. <IMM.^ SYMPT.>^ <SUBSEQ.^ SYMPT.>pain,^ other^ spreading^ pain,
dystopia^ time^ from Case^ sex^ of^ age^ of^ Out‐^ pares‐^ numb‐^
symptoms^ numbness,^ paresthesia^ swelling,^ or^ blurred^
sting^ to No.^ victim^ victim^ come^ Species^ Genus/Subgenus^ sting^ site^ thesia^ ness^ at
sting^ site^ paresis^ or^ paralysis^ erythema^ dyspnea^ sight^ ataxia^ coma
other^ recovery^ description;^ treatment Conasprella 123 F adult C ximenes Ximeniconus^ r.^ thumb^ like^ bee^ sting;^ slight^
‐,^ +^ 1.5^ hr^ stung^10 Jan.^ 1978;
no^ treatment^ mentioned throbbing^ 1.5^ hr 132 F 28 B mindanus Ximeniconus r. palm like^ bee^ sting;^ aching^ throughout^ slight^
2 hr^ stung^ palm^ of^ r.^ hand^ by^ C.m.^^32 mm^ long burning^ sensation^ right^ arm^45 min.^ swelling Conus 26 F 10 C imperialis Stephanoconus
No^ information^ available^ although^ spoke^ with^ victim^ (now^11 years^ old)^ and^ the^ doctor^ who^ treated^ her. F^ adult^ C^ imperialis^ Stephanoconus^ hand^ or^ arm^ very^ painful^
arm^ partly^ paralyzed^ few^ hr.^
?^ stung^ 1967;^ awaiting^ more^ info.^ From^ orig.^ report 53 M^ –^ –^ imperialis^ Stephanoconus 108 M^46 B^ regius^ Stephanoconus^ upper^ pinprick;
itching^ itching^ for^ several^ days^ +,^ +*^ moving^ r.^ arm^
glands^ near^ nipples^7 days^ stung^ twice^ by^ specimen(s)^40 ‐^45 mm^ long^ placed^ inside^ wetsuit^ jacket. abdomen^
difficult;^ ribs^ ached^ swollen^ after^3 ‐^4 days^ treatment:^ applied^ Acdilon^ cream^ 3t.i.d.^ *^ erythema
persisted^ longer 119 M^25 B^ regius^ Stephanoconus^ r.^ hand^ +^ +^ local^
paresthesia,^ numbness^ difficulty^ moving^
1 day^ stung^ on^ r.^ hand^ 10:00AM,^ ~2007;^ heavy^ arm^ feeling^ persisted^ until^ next^ morning. spread^ to^ wrist,^ forearm^ upper^ arm* 77 M^42 C^ princeps^ Ductoconus^ index^ sharp
burning^ pain^
1 hr^ stung^ ~1970^ by^ C.p.^ ~50^ mm^ long;^ no^ treatment,^ no^ other^ information^ given. finger 131 M ~30 C anabathrum Dauciconus upper^ like^ bee^ sting;^ tight^ skin^ around^ puncture^ slight^
1 hr^ stung^ through^ pants^ pocket^ ca.^ 7:15^ AM^ by^ ca.^25 mm‐long^ specimen^ on^ muddyintertidal^ flat^ with^ turtle^ grass.
r.^ thigh^ swelling 82 M 40 C fergusoni Pyruconus r.^ thumb^ minor^ pain,^ cf.^ rose^ thorn^ ‐^
0.5^ hr^ stung^ on^ distal^ phalanx^ of^ thumb^16 Feb.^1988 by^100 mm‐long^ specimen 64 M^ adult^ B^ mus^ Monteiroconus^ hand^
numbness,^ increasing^ pain^ +,^ +^
1 day^ stung,^ likely^ more^ than^ once,^ while^ carrying^ a^ handful^ of^ C.^ mus^ specimens^ he^ had^ just^ collected 66 F^20 C^ anemone^ Floraconus^ l^.^ index^ "sharp
pin^ prick^
0.3^ hr^ stung^ Jan.^ 1966;^ no^ treatment^ except^ sting^ squeezed. finger^ sting" 67 M – C anemone Floraconus finger^ +^ +^ local^ tingling^ +^ numbness^ exten‐^
2 hr^ stung^ Jan.^1955 by^ C.^ a.^ ca.^20 mm^ long ded^ to^ hand^ and^ forearm 55 M^ –^ C^ rattus^ Rhizoconus^ tip^ of^ r.^ "hot^ needle
or^ strong^ throbbing,^ extreme^ +,^ +^
7 hr^ stung^ Aug.^1968 by^ C.r.^ ~35^ mm^ long,^ on^ callus^ ~12^ mm^ from^ fingertip
index^ finger^ bee^ sting"^ itching 136 – – C rattus Rhizoconus "mild^ bee^ sting"^ ‐^ +,^ +*^
<1^ day^ Cases^137 and^ 138,both^ likely^ in^ 1966,^ reliably^ reported^ by^ E.R.^ Cross^ [^ ]^ in^ Jan.^1967 but^ with^ few^ details. 137 –^ –^ C^ rattus^ Rhizoconus^ "mild
bee^ sting"^ ‐^ +,^ +*^
<1^ day^ *^ "There^ was^ no^ reaction^ except^ a^ very^ slight^ local^ swelling^ and^ redness^ in^ the^ area^ of^ the^ sting"^ in^ both^ cases. 110 M^ adult^ C^ miles^ Rhizoconus^ r.^ thumb^
+,^ +*^ stung^ Sept.^ 1978,
distally^ on^ thumb^ near^ nail.^ Thumb^ swelled,^ turned^ purplish.^ Recovery^ complete;^ time^ not^ stated.Treatment: victim^ bathed^ thumb,^ took^ tranquilizer. 102 M^24 C^ miles*^ Rhizoconus^ mid^ l.^ ring^ +^
numbness^ of^ entire^ hand^
3 hr^ *^ Victim^ held^ both^ a^ C.^ miles^ and^ a^ C.^ chaldaeus^ in^ l.^ hand^ when^ stung.^ The^ former^ is^ much^ more^ likely^ to^ have^ stung,
finger^ to^ wrist;^ lasted^3 hr^
because^ it^ is^ generally^ larger^ and^ has^ a^ much^ larger^ radular^ tooth^ for^ its^ size^ (~3.5%^ shell^ length^ vs.^ ~1%). 22 M^ –^ C^ pulicarius^ Puncticulus^ finger^ "stinging
feeling"^
slight^ bleeding^ 0.5^ hr^ stung^13 Nov.^ 1955;^ no^ treatment 51 M^ –^ B^ spurius^ Lindaconus^ first^ joint^ r.^ sharp^
sting,^ extreme^ intense^ pain^ lasted^1 hr;^ no^ swelling,^
finger^ tender^ to^ touch^3 weeks^ stung^20 Oct.^1968 by^ C.s.^^90 mm^ long;^ mark^ left^ by^ sting^ visible^ ~2^ months.^ No^ treatment
except^ rinsed^ with^ sea^ water^ after^ sting. ring^ finger^ pain^ like^ hot^ needle^ extension^ beyond^ finger^ ache^ for^36 hr^
for^3 weeks 117 M^15 C^ spurius^ Lindaconus^ palm^ pinprick
only^
<^1 min.^ stung^ summer^1959 by^ C.s.^^40 mm^ long;^ radular^ tooth^ may^ not^ have^ penetrated^ through^ skin. 121 M^54 B^ spurius^ Lindaconus^ hand‐wrist^ stung^ with
enough^ pain^ pain^ only^ in^ wrist^ +,^ +^
2 days^ stung^ June,^1978 by^ C.s.^ ~52^ mm^ long;^ no^ treatment^ except^ applied^ cold^ cloth. junction^ that^ victim^ dropped^ shell 127 F 29 C spurius Lindaconus finger^ sharp^ pain^ like^ bee^ sting^ pain^ weakened^ after^15 min^ +,^ +^
3 days^ stung^15 Aug.^2015 by^ C.s.^^100 mm^ long;^ Only^ treatment^ application^ of^ ice. a^ 21 F adult C sponsalis Harmoniconus^ hand^ intense pain^ for^1 hr^
1 hr^ stung^ June^ 1955;^ red^ spot^ at^ site^ persisted^18 months.^ No^ treatment. a^ 45 M 6 B sponsalis Harmoniconus^ palm^ of^ hand^ +^ +*^
"sting"^ swelling,^ erythema^ spread^ ‐,^ +^
1.5^ days^ stung^12 April^ 1964.^ *^ Numbness^ of^ entire^ hand^ followed^ tingling;^ unable^ to^ use^ hand^ for^ 1.5^ days,^ then^ recovered^ completely. to^ entire^ hand^ after^ 30min^
No^ treatment^ noted. a^ 70 M adult C sponsalis Harmoniconus^ l.^ middle^ finger^ like wasp^ sting^ +^
dizziness^ 0.5^ hr^ stung^ July^ 1974;^ attempted^ to^ express^ venom^ from^ wound. 30 M^ –^ C^ litteratus^ Elisaconus^ like^ bee
sting^ for^5 min.^
5 min^ stung^ about^ Sept.^ 1959.^ No^ symptoms^ other^ than^ sting,^ which^ lasted^ only^5 min. 25 M^ –^ B^ lividus^ Lividoconus^ finger^
sting^ followed^ by^ severe^ pain^
2^ weeks^ stung^ Apr.,^ 1957;^ recovered^ completely,^ but^ "The^ man^ could^ hardly^ use^ his^ arm^ for^ two^ weeks^ after^ the^ incident" in^ entire^ arm^
(H.T.^ Ward,^ in^ litt.^^28 June^ 1957).^ No^ further^ details^ are^ available. 28 F^ –^ B^ quercinus^ Lividoconus^ left^ arm^ sharp
pain^ +*,^ +^
white^ streak^ along^ arm*^ >1<5^ days stung^22 March^ 1959.^ *^ slight^ swelling^1 cm^ radius^ around^ puncture;^ white^ streak^ from
sting^ site^ from^ next^ day.
107 M^16 B^ ventricosus^ Lautoconus^ thumb^ "sudden
pinprick"^ thumb^ throbbed^5 min,^ dull^ slight^ swelling^
area^ around^ swelling^2 days^ stung^1978 by^ C.^ ventricosus^^31 mm^ long. M^
pain^ in^ thumb^ for^ 1.5^ days^5 min^ tender^ for^ ~1.5^ days 116 M^ ~25^ C^ ventricosus^ Lautoconus^ palm^ minor
local^ pain^ +,^ +*^
24 hr^ stung^ Jan.^1987 by^ C.v.^^30 mm^ long.^ *slight^ local^ inflammation,^ swelling." Summary^ B:^10 C:^20 Ambiguous:^1 Total:^31
Case No. 1. Conus G.E. Rumphius and the first reported case Rariteitkamer, carefully translated, annotated and explained much of it inThe work is in three parts, called books. Book 1, “Soft Shellfish, treats crustaceans, horseshoe crabs,echinoderms, chitons, shell-less molluscs, chaetognaths, and worms. Book 2, “Hard Shellfish,” treatsmainly shelled molluscs, and Book 3, “Minerals, Stones and other Rare Things.”individual accounts in this chapter are mainly one or a few paragraphs headed by roman numerals andtreating a single taxon, often at what we now perceive as at the genus level. Section X of Chapter 21 is along paragraph devoted to the taxon Rumphius recognized aswhat Linnaeus later described asscientific name. Beekman’s translation of this section [16: p. 149] follows verbatim, by permission ofYale University Press, followed by van Benthem Jutting’s translation of a briefer portion [17]. Thesuperscript numbers below are to Beekman’s notes; they appear following his translation. The superscriptletters are to AJK’s additional notes. Rumphius’s great folio work on natural history of the then Dutch East Indies,Chapter 21, ““X.? Voluta pennata SM 7. RESOLUTION OF PREVIOUSLY ERRONEOUS AND What species most likely caused the first reported human fatality by awas published posthumously in Amsterdam in 1705, in Dutch [15]. E.M. Beekman Volutae QUESTIONABLE SPECIES ATTRIBUTIONS, 46 ,” of Book 2 describes the first recorded human envenomation by (^) these are oblong like a Roll, the head is not flat, but it protrudes like that of a Conus textile , recognized by Beekman, and now universally, as its valid The Ambonese Curiosity Cabinet Voluta pennata , a pre-Linnean binomen for D’Amboinsche Conus in 1999 [16].. The Turbo Partridges (black edges, almost like the feathers of that Bird: The second kindstraight like a Roll, painted brown and white like feathers, and is called Silver Cloth; both have a narrowmouth, and can stick out a little tongue, that is white, edged with red, and in it is a small bone, or thorn,which will hurt you, if stung by itwhite, but the feathers are not arranged as orderly; they have a deathly color, and are finely ribbed alongthe whorls: Although thewas experienced by a slave woman on Banda, who knew that she had only held this little Whelk in herhand, which she had picked up out of the Sea, while they were pulling in a Seine net; and while she waswalking to the beach, she felt a slight itching in her hand, which generally crept up her arm and throughher entire body; and so she died from it instantaneously.”of her account deals mainly with his accounts of practical applications of Indonesian molluscs.Medications were derived from some, others release desirable scents when burned, and some were used tomake charms or jewelry. Her translated account from Rumphius is more succinct, but it also mentions asecond species: Hwassin her hand after she had picked it up while hauling in the seine at sea. As she went to the beach she felt atickling sensation in the hand which crept slowly through her entire body — she died on the spot’” [17:p. 185].Although van Benthem Jutting [17] cites the same page in Rumphius [15: p. 105] the relevant portion“It is interesting to report, in this connection, a fatal Cone bite:, with a small red point on top, having two forms, yellow and brown. The yellow kind are calledc: ‘It is suspected as venomous from the experience in Banda of a female slave. She kept this shell attagenes ) 47 or Gold Cloth, because their entire body is painted with yellow feathers, that have Attagenata b (^) : The third or brown kind, is different, larger, also painted brown and are caught and eaten daily, they are not innocent of poison, which (^48) Conus textile (^) is somewhat smaller, and narrower, L. and Conus canonicus
What translation above, Rumphius [15] described three “forms” of “use in the 17made the nameit has been universally accepted ever since. However, because the “forms” Rumphius described are nowgenerally accepted to be distinct species rather than varieties ofperpetrator specimen is now difficult to ascertain. (^17) learn how he became aware of the fatality due toRumphius ‘seen’ the shell (although he was totally blind by 1670) he certainly would have identified itcorrectly. However it is not known whether he had done so or whether he was only informed of the caseby someone else.the However, his account refers ambiguously to “two forms, yellow and brown” (line 2) in Beekman’stranslation above), and then two lines later, to “The third or brown kind…” Rumphius described anddistinguished the three forms more definitively (lines 2-5), and he illustrated two of them on his plate 32.described as“Goudelakens,” appropriately translated “Gold Cloth” by Beekman [16], and still widely used today as th Conus Subsequent literature has always attributed this first reported fatal sting toThe Moluccan island of Banda is about 200km SE of Ambon, Rumphius’s base of operations in theIt is clear from Beekman’s translation above that Rumphius recognized three forms or “morphs” of1) Rumphius’s description of the first “yellow” form clearly points to the species Linnaeus [18]century. He visited Banda at least twice, in 1657 and again in 1662-63 [16], but I have been unable to Conus then known to Rumphius from the contemporary volumes he had at hand as th Conus textile (^) century for the species Linnaeus [18] described as species killed the slave woman at Banda ~ 1670? C. textile “available” for use in the modern sense as of that date (ICZN, 1999: p. 10), and more than a half century later. Rumphius included the Dutch vernacular name Conus envenomation there during or about 1670. Had Voluta pennata C. textile C. textile , the species identification of the in 1758. Linnaeus’s action (^) ”, the binominal name in C. textile. Voluta pennata. As quoted in the “cloth-of-gold cone” in English. It is shown as fig. P on Rumphius’s pl. 32 (reproduced by Beekman,p. 147). Figure 1 shows two views of the now somewhat faded type specimen offrom the collection of the Linnean Society of London. Conus textile as a distinct species until 1792 by Hwass in Bruguière, as Kohn (1992) and Beekman [16] recognized.van Benthem Jutting [17] evidently identified the specimen shown in Pl. 32, fig. O asshells of that species usually have higher spires and more complete dark bands on the last whorl than omaria two views of aand white, but the feathers are not arranged as orderly…” The accompanying photographs of the typespecimen ofcompared with those of the specimens ofto the third (larger, brown) form is, however, open to some question because of Rumphius’s ownidentification of the species now known asform of “Pl. 31, figure G. The illustration, which Rumphius of course could not have seen with his own eyes,accurately portrays the size and shape of thequite minimal and shows none of the triangular “feathers” or triangular markings that he described in thetext for the brown variety of “ C. geographus 2) Although Linnaeus [18: 717 ] cited both Rumphius’s figures O and P on plate 32 as illustrating3) As Rumphius clearly stated (line 6), “the third or brown kind is different…larger, painted brown. Beekman [16] was likely correct in identifying the figure as of a Voluta pennata Conus geographus , the latter’s description of “the second kind” (line 4) fits fig. O and (^) , now in the collection of the Linnean Society of London. The writing in the shell aperture C. omaria ” at all but of “ shell from Mauritius. Voluta pennata. Linnaeus, 1758 clearly shows these characteristics, which may be Nubeculae C. textile C. geographus C. geographus ” Figure 3 shows two views of Linnaeus’s type specimen of,” described in Section VI of Chapter 21 and figured on and C. omaria Linnaeus, 1758. Rumphius did not consider it a shell, but its treatment of the color pattern is shown. Applying this line of reasoning C. omaria Conus textileC. omaria shell. Figure 2 shows C. canonicus , not described Linnaeus,, but C.
collecting bag being carried against the victim’s leg. The shell lengths were given as about 70 mm. (C. textile length (Nishi et al., 1999), while that ofand Tenorio, 2013)—and no reports of its having stung humans exist. The tooth of along would thus be about 1.2 mm, while that of amuch more formidable weapon.their duration strongly supportC.The size considerations described above, as well as the consistency of the reported symptoms and) and about 60 mm ( textile is by far the more likely perpetrator, because its radular tooth is so large—10-15% of shell C. nussatella C. textile ). C. nussatella as the cause of injury in this case. C. textile is quite small—about 2% of shell length (Tucker 70 mm long would be at least 7 mm long, a C. nussatella 60 mm
SM 7. FIGURES known to Rumphius (1705) as “the “feathermm long. The first recorded human fatality from a but Rumphius’s decription of the shell, quoted above, and the rapid death of the victim, point more strongly tohave been attributed to it in addition to the first case described above. However, the identity of theperpetrator species in these cases remains in doubt (SM 4).^ Figure 1. Ventral (left) and dorsal (right) views of the type specimen of C. geographus - like” triangular markings edged in black. (Figure 3). Voluta pennata C. textile ” and in English vernacular as the “gold cloth” because ofhas caused 12 known human injuries, and two fatalities Conus The shell, in the Linnean Society of London, is 67 sting has long been attributed to this species,^ Conus textile^ Linnaeus, 1758,
Figure 3. Ventral (left) and dorsal (right) views of the type specimen of1758, showing characteristics of the shell whose animal most likely caused the first recorded humanfatality from a98 mm long. sequential number of The writing inside the aperture is in Linnaeus’s hand. Conus , as described by Rumphius (1705). The shell, in the Linnean Society of London, is C. geographus in the Systema Naturae (Linnaeus, 1758). The upper Conus geographus number, “283,” is the Linnaeus,
Abbott RT. Mollusks and medicine in World War II. Smithsonian Inst Ann Rept 1947 (1948), Publ No. Alcala A. Recent cases of crab, cone shell, and fish intoxication on southern Negros Island, Philippines. Toxicon Allan JK. Shellfish poisoning. Australian Mus Mag 1935, 5: 393-394. Allan JK. Poisonous shellfish. Med Jour Australia 1935, 2: 554-555. Anon. C.L. Wilkerson stung by Anon. Another cone bite reported. Hawaiian Shell News 1959, 7(6):60. Anon. Another death recorded from bite of poison cone. Hawaiian Shell News 1960, 9(2):4. Anon. More on cone shell stings. Hawaiian Shell News 1964, 12(4):8. Anon. Solomon Islands cone sting. Hawaiian Shell News 1965, 13(10): 5. Christensen WH. Poison cones. Hawaiian Shell News 1962, 10 (7): 4. Cilento R. Some poisonous plants, sea and land animals of Australia and New Guinea. Brisbane: Smith and Cleland JR. Injuries and diseases of man in Australia attributable to animals (except insects). Australasian Med Clench WJ. Supplement to the Poison Cone Shell. Occ Pap Mollusks (Harvard) 1964, 2: 344. Clench WJ. The poison cone shell. Occ Pap Mollusks (Harvard) 1946, 1: 49-80. Clench WJ, Kondo Y. The poison cone shell. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1943, 23: 105-121. Collins B. Dangerous cone shells. Cairns Shell Club Newsletter 1987, No. 32: 1-2. Cox JC. Notes and exhibits Crider FN. Medical and public health importance of marine mollusks. Unpublished report in partial fulfillment of 3933: 325-338.1983, 21 (Suppl.) 3: 1-3.Patterson Pty. Ltd.; 1944.Gaz 1912, 32: 269-272.SM 8. REFERENCES TO LITERATURE CITED IN SUPPLEMENTAL—note regarding Conus textile MATERIALS BUT NOT IN MAIN TEXT Conus geographus. Hawaiian Shell News 1956, 4(10):103.. Proc Linn Soc NS Wales 1885, 9: 944-946. Cross ER, Crosse H, Marie E. Catalogue des de Wit HCD (ed). Rumphius memorial volume. Baarn: Hollandia N.V.; 1959. Duarte L. Danger from Fainzilber M. A case of a Feurion Dr. Account of a case of a fatal case of sting by Flecker H. Cone shell mollusk poisoning, with report of a fatal case. Med J Australia 1936, 1: 464-466. Garrett A. Annotated catalogue of the species of Gill WW. Life in the southern isles; or, scenes and incidents in the South Pacific and New Guinea. London: Gray JE. On the head of the genus Grigg EB. Cone stings. Hawaiian Shell News 1956, 5(1):4. Haddad V Jr, Coltro M, Simone, LRL. Report of a human accident caused by Haddad V Jr, Lupi O, Lonza JP, Tyring SK. Tropical dermatology: Marine and aquatic dermatology. J Am Acad Hallen AH. Poisoning by the bite of Hanna, GD. West American mollusks of the genus Conus Hartley T. Conidae. Malacological Club of Victoria Pub. 1954, No. 6: 8 p. Hermitte LC. Venomous marine molluscs of the genus Higa L. Recent finds. Hawaiian Shell News 1967, 15(12): 6.requirements for the Master of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University 1961, 68 p. 1874, 22:333Lisbon: A Tipogr1878, 1: 353-367.Religious Tract Society; 1876.Conidae). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2009, 42: 446-448.Dermatol, 2009, 61:733-750. Conus rattus - 359.á (^) Conus ermineus fica; 1977, p. 50-51.and barbs. Hawaiian Shell News 1987, 15(1): 6. Conus mediterraneus CônesConus Conus geographus. In: Burnay LP, and Monteiro AA. Seashells from Cape Verde Islands. (^) , Linn.de la Nouvelle Calédonie et des îles qui en dependent. (^) sting. Levantina 1978, No. 16: 182. (^) Ann Mag Nat Hist 1853, 2 Conus , collected in the South Sea Islands. Quart Jour Conchol.Nautilus 1914, 27: 117-120. Conus R. geographus —II. Occ Pap Calif Acad Sci 1963, No. 3, 103 pp.. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 1946, 39: 485-512.. In: Sarramégna (1965: p. 13).nd (^) ser., 12: 176 Conus regius - 178. (Gastropoda, Jour Conchyl [Hinde B]. Notes and Exhibits. Hyman LH. The invertebrates Vol 6. New York: McGraw Proc Linn Soc NS Wales 1885,-Hill; (^9) 1967:: 944- 946 p. 384..
- SM 1. SUMMARY OF HUMAN INJURIES DUE TO CONUS ENVENOMATION Case No. 1011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435123456789 1930's?~<1848<1961Year 18591860187418771878187318841901191219271935193519321945194719481954195419551955195619561957195719581958195919601960196119611670 Species geographusaulicustextiletextiletextilemarmoreustulipageographusgeographusgeographusgeographusgeographusgeographusgeographusgeographusobscurustulipaomariasponsalispulicariustextileobscuruslividusimperialistextilequercinusobscuruslitteratusgeographuscatustulipatextile ??? (mm) 125101135 ~42SL 848595 Island/townBandaMayo Is.AneityumAneityumPouMareMareMatupi, Blanche BayLevukaKandavuSakimotobu, OkinawaHayman Is., Qld.Hirayashiki, OkinawaCerf Is.Milne BayKahuluu, OahuHope Is.KwajaleinManus Is.Waianae, OahuNanakuli, OahuNanakuli, OahuNanakuli, OahuBeau VallonJavaKahana Bay, OahuMakaha, OahuEnewetakKoumac, PouéboMilne BayApiaPhuketé bo Maluku, IndonesiaMaluku, IndonesiaVanuatuVanuatuNew CaledoniaLoyalty Is.Tuamotu Is.Loyalty Is.New BritainFijiFijiRyukyu Is., JapanAustraliaRyukyu Is., JapanSeychellesNew GuineaHawaiiAustraliaMarshall Is.Admiralty Is.HawaiiHawaiiHawaiiHawaiiGuamSeychellesIndonesiaHawaiiHawaiiMarshall Is.New CaldeoniaGuamNew GuineaSamoaThailand Archipelago Country/ SexFMFMMMMMFFMMMMMMFMFFMMMFMFMMMMMM – – Age~40 27323210 – –––––––––– 5 – ––– 8 – –––––––––––– comeOut-ACABBCCABBAAAABCCBCBCCBCBCACBCACABB VictimEdward BelcherNiuenhamAndrew GarrettMrs. B.Hiroshi Yukawa*CharlesKamekichi Fujisato/TomisatoFrR. MorrisC.M. BurgessE. GriggWilliam RiceMildred McKinseyCharles StidhamC.L. WilkersonC.M. BurgessSimone DelorieBordenJackie ThurmanJames KiserR. WillisTheophile GnaiMrs. Don HiattRonald PahlF.N. Crideréderique Lafontaine H. Garbutt Original ReferenceRumphius 1705AdamsMcGillivray 1860McGillivray 1860Crosse & Marie 1874Montrouzier 1877Garrett 1878Sydney Mail 1/10/1874, p. 50Cox 1884Hallen 1901, Corney 1901Cleland 1912Sugitani 1930 (Yoshiro Hirotaka)Cairns Post, 27 June 1935Yashiro H., 1939, Venus 9 (3-4): 165-166Hermitte 1946Mozar 1963Kohn 1958HSN 5 (1): 4,Nov. 1956Kohn 1958Petrauskas 1955Kohn 1958Kohn 1958HSN 4(10): 3, 1956Kohn 1958Kohn 1958Kohn 1958Verrill 1936HSN 7(6): 60, 1959HSN 10(11): 3, 1962Kohn 1963France Australe (Noumea) 28 Oct. 1960HSN 9(2):4, Dec. 1960Kohn 1963R. Wright, Fiji Times, 23 Dec. 1961Crider 1961 Unpub. MPHTM, Tulane University and Reeve g j c 1848 in litt. Subsequent ReferencesDewit 1959, Kohn et al. 1960, Kohn 1963, Halstead 1965, Sarramégna 1965, Shirai 1982Cleland 1912, Flecker 1936, Clench & Kondo 1943, 1946, Hermitte 1946, Gray 1853, Hanna 1963, Halstead 1965, Sarramégna 1965, Shirai 1982, B. Livett websiteCleland 1912, Flecker 1936, Clench & Kondo 1943, 1946, Hermitte 1946, Kohn 1963, Halstead 1965, Sarramégna 1965, Shirai 1982Cleland 1912, Flecker 1936, Clench & Kondo 1943, 1946, Hermitte 1946, Halstead 1965, Sarramégna 1965Cleland 1912, Flecker 1936, Clench & Kondo 1943, Hermitte 1946, Halstead 1965, Sarramégna 1965, Bahuaud et al. 1982b, B. Livett websiteClench & Kondo 1943, Hermitte 1946, Halstead 1965, Sarramégna 1965Cleland 1912, Flecker 1936, Clench & Kondo 1946, Hermitte 1946, Abbott 1948, Kohn 1963, Sarramégna 1965, Shirai 1982, B. Livett websiteGill 1876, Flecker 1936 (attr. ToHinde 1885 (acc. B. Livett website; not acc. BHL),Cleland 1912, Flecker 1936, Clench & Kondo 1943Cleland 1912, Hallen 1914, Sugitani 1930, Flecker 1936, Clench & Kondo 1943, Hermitte 1946+, Kohn 1963, Halstead 1965, Sarramégna 1965, Shirai 1982, B. Livett websiteFlecker 1936, Clench & Kondo 1943, Hermitte 1946, Halstead 1965, Shirai 1982Yashiro 1939, Clench & Kondo 1943, Abbott 1948, Keegan 1960, Hanna 1963, Kohn 1963Iredale 1935a [Nautilus 49:41], Iredale 1939b [J. Conch. 20:166], Allan 1935, Ravina 1935, Flecker 1936, Roughley 1937, Clench & Kondo 1943, Cilento 1944, Hermitte 1946, Abbott 1948, Janssen 1956, etc.Yashiro 1940, Abbott 1948, Keegan 1960Kohn 1958, Halstead 1965, Sarramégna 1965, Shirai 1982Halstead 1965Halstead 1965Kohn 1958Halstead 1965, Shirai 1983Kohn 1958, Halstead 1965, Sarramégna 1965, Johnstone 1970, Shirai 1982Halstead 1965, Shirai 1982Halstead 1965, Shirai 1982Kohn 1958Halstead 1965, Shirai 1982; B. Livett web siteHalstead 1965, Shirai 1982Halstead 1965, Shirai 1982R.C. Wood, pers. comm. 1957; Kohn 1963, Shirai 1982Kohn 1963Kohn 1963Shirai 1982Bulletin de Commerce, Noumea 5 Nov. 1960; HSN 9(2):4, Dec. 1960, HSN 9(3):3, Jan., 1961, Planche 1961, Kohn 1963, Sarramegna 1965, Hyman 1967: 384, Bahuaud et al. 1982b, Shirai, 1982Kohn 1963Shirai 1982HSN 10(7): 4, May 1962; Kohn 1963; Sarramégna 1965, Wright 1963 (reprint of Fiji Times article)efhi, Halstead 1965, Shirai 1982, J. Kiser in litt. 30V1971, Shirai 1982, Halstead 1965, Shirai 1982, Shirai 1982,d, Shirai 1982 textile ), Kohn 1963, Clench 1964, S.P. Danceb, Hanna 1963, Kohn 1963, Halstead 1965, Shirai 1979, 1982 in litt. 7/18/1960, Bahuaud et al. 1982b, Shirai 1982a, Halstead 1965, Shirai 1979, 1982 as "Hiroshi Wakukawa" or "Wakikawa",+, Hermitte 1946+, Halstead 1965, Sarramégna 1965, Shirai
- 363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071727374 <19621967? 1962196319631963196219631963196319641964196519661966196819621963196519681969196619661970197019661971197119681972196619551978197619741965189719391962 obscurusobscurusgeographusgeographusgeographusgeographusobscurusgeographussponsalisgeographusgeographusgeographusgeographusimperialisspuriusgeographusimperialismarmoreusrattusgeographusgeographusgeographusgeographuspennaceusgeographusgeographusgeographusmusgeographusanemoneanemone? ermineussponsalisgeographusgeographusgeographusgeographus "large"~25 113102127769075809068436477 OahuOahuPoindimiTanga Is.Tanga Is.Efate Is. (acc. Shirai)Milne Bay DistrictMakua, Oahusouth coast of PapuaOahuCabras Is.Ata'aTongamea VillageNgarchelang, PalauMullet BayMactan Is.OkinawaKitimae, OkinawaMaalaea Bay, MauiTatau Is.Baikai Is. off KietaHus Is., off Manus Is.HoniaraOnekahakaha Beach, HiloGasmataSamaraiMarau SoundPlantation KeyKoro Is.Garden Is., Cockburn Sd.near Cape LeeuwinMaléNgiwal, PalauAmami-OshimaYoron Is., Amami OhshimaAmami-Oshima é, Noumea HawaiiHawaiiNew Caledoniaoff New Irelandoff New IrelandNew HebridesPapua New GuineaHawaiiPapua New GuineaHawaiiGuamSolomon Is.Emai, VanuatuCaroline Is.?FloridaCebu, PhilippinesRyukyu Is., JapanRyukyu Is., JapanHawaiiNew IrelandSolomon Is.Papua New GuineaSolomon Is.HawaiiNew BritainPapua New GuineaSolomon Is.FloridaFijiWestern AustraliaWestern AustraliaMaldivesCape Verde Is.Easter Is.Caroline Is.Ryukyu Is., JapanRyukyu Is., JapanRyukyu Is., Japan MMFFMMMMMMMMFMFMMMFMMMMMFMMMMFFMMFMMMFM adult 2311281027381425411333202745 – – 997 – 765 – –––– 7 – 69 – –– 2 – 2 CCAABBBCBBABABCBA–BCABBBCAABCBCCACCCAAB Clifton S. WeaverClifton S. WeaverPomo Dassa PoapieVu Nhu NgosDonald SawyerJerry WadeRicardo AlertaBolo DaniaNeliSkilong UltirakzMrs. HillerDr. Thomas HurstRobbinsNorma EldridgeKingLui BelliSimon PenakiJoseph KutanJ.C. KenworthyMrs. June S. LewisM. Kapatou AkiSamuel RapiaseBob KleinMrs. V.S.Anne BrearleyGeorge KendrickAna BurnayBenito Alarcon F.Teliu MakinoHironobu Itida C.S. Weaver,C.S. Weaver,Sydney Morning Herald 21 Sept. 1963Australian Courier Mail 23 Nov. 1963Australian Courier Mail 23 Nov. 1963Anon., HSN 12 (4): 8, Feb. 1964Campbellreport form submitted by victimHaszlerWade, HSN 12 (10): 2, Aug. 1964Guam Daily News, 30 Aug. 1964South Pacific News, May 1965Pacific Islands Monthly, Dec., 1966William Bunyan, ms. (ex L. Eldredge)Higa, HSN 15 (12): 6, Dec. 1967Torrance, P., Seafari 11 (2): 1, 1969F. Wolfson in litt. 15 Apr. 1969Mrs. D.L. Wilson (pers. comm.) 1969Mrs. D.L. Wilson (pers. comm.) 1970C. BergThe West Australian, Perth 6 Feb. 1970report form submitted by A. Hintonreport form submitted by A. HintonKeppel Bay Tidings, Aug.-Sept. 1970Mrs. Lewisreport of case #61by Mr. B. Gosztolareport of case #62 by Mr. B. GosztolaHSN April 1972Busycon Bugle 7 (3): 1 March, 1972Malpress 1972, Fiji School of Medicine Journal: 150-152report form submitted by victimreport form submitted by victimF. ZiesenhenneDuarte 1977: p. 50-51H.A. RehderL.E. NgirailildinY. YukitaY. YukitaY. Yukita in litt.in litt. in litt.in litt.in litt. in litt. in litt. in litt.in litt.in litt. 3 Sept. 1964 in litt.in litt., , 1980, 1980, 1980Nov. 1964, 16 Feb. 1965 , 3 March 1971 June 4, 1962June 4, 1962 , 13 Mar. 1978 14 May 1980 Shirai 1982Shirai 1982HSN Jan. 1964, Halstead 1965, FeurionHaszlerHaszlerShirai 1982 (states patient died; HSN and Pacific Islands Monthly July 1963: pp. 29-35) states he recovered; the latter appears to be correct)R. Over, HSN 13 (4): 1, Feb. 1965; Rice & Halstead 1968, Shirai 1982Honolulu Star-Bulletin 2 June 1965, Anon. ,HSN 13 (10): 5, Aug. 1965British Newsletter (info ex W.H Rees) [date? (1966)]; Pacific Journal, 9 Jan. 1967, Honolulu Star-Bulletin 28 Jan. 1967info from Isabell and Chuck Ernest, San Antonio, Texas, who have shellNorma EldridgeC.M. KingD. Malasa, A. Torutia,A. Hinton in litt. 19 July 1971A. Hinton in litt. 19 July 1972O.K. McCausland in litt. 3 March 1972Duarte 1977 (In Burnay, L.P., and Monteiro, A.A. Seashells from Cape Verde Islands, Lisbon, 1977, pp. 50-51, L. Burnay in litt., 17 May 1978AJK interview notes inM. Kan ō, Ryukyu Shinpo, 6 Aug. 1972. in litt.in litt. in litt. 3 Sept. 19643 Sept. 1964; M.R. Hayes in litt ., 15 October 2012 in litt.Conus Field Notebook XVI, 1977. in in Sarram litt. 24 June 1964égna 1965, Bahuaud et al. 1982b, Shirai
- 757677787980818283848586 19721979197019701979198219881985197819661968? geographusgeographusprincepsfulmenfulmengeographus? fergusonigeographus?geographusgeographus 7082 Bisezaki, OkinawaNase-shi, Amami-OshimaGuaymasHino-misakiChiba-kenItoman City, Okinawa?Tamarindo, Guanacaste Prov.Ugoofar, Raa AtollHaa Dhaal AtollEmae Is.Port Vila, Efate Is. Ryukyu Is., JapanRyukyu Is., JapanSonora, MexicoWakayama-ken, JapanJapanRyukyu Is., JapanFloridaCosta RicaMaldivesMaldivesNew HebridesNew Hebrides MMMMMMMMMMFM 504215184340317 – ––– ACCCCB?CCAAA (American)Harukichi MatsunakaJames FindleyShinjo HabeTakashi MoritaSadamitsu NemaJohn JohnsonAlan GettlemanAhamed RazeeIsmail Mohamed M. KanNankai Nichinichi Shinbun' Newspaper , 1 Jan. 1979(?)report form submitted by victimreport form submitted by S. Yoshibareport form submitted by S. YoshibaOkinawa Times 18 Sept. 1982Pers. comm. 25 July 1984report form submitted by victimHasen DidiHasen DidiLa France Australe Newspaper, 1 July 1975, p. 24La France Australe Newspaper, 30 June 1975, p. 3ō, Ryukyu Shinpo (newspaper) 6 Aug. 1972(?) in litt.in litt. , 1986, 1986 Y. Yukita in litt., 1980, Shirai 1982Y. Yukita in litt., 1980, Shirai 1982Shirai 1982Shirai 1982report form submitted by S. Yoshiba; Yoshiba, S. in litt. 1 Feb.1983; Yoshiba 1984; Y. Yukita in litt.Shirai 1982Shirai
- Bahuaud et al. 1982b Halstead 1965 Hashimoto 1979 McGillivray 1860 SM References cited in main reference listShirai 1982Yoshiba 1979, 1984Yoshiba, S., Araki, Y., Venus 57: 140,
SM 9. ADDITIONAL FIGURES RELATED TO SPECIFIC CASES Figure 1. (Case No. 122) Radular tooth injected into a finger and then released byThe victim, a professional photographer, was stung as he attempted to feed another specimen in the sameaquarium. He then photographed the released tooth. Thelength is estimated to be 7 mm, based on shell-tooth ratio determined for the species by Nybakken (1970).Blood is present around the sting site and also fills the lumen of the tooth. This likely occurs becausehydrostatic pressure within the proboscis and tooth lumen is high while the venom is being injected, thendecreases suddenly upon release of the tooth from the proboscis, drawing blood back up into the tooth.Photo courtesy of Alex Kerstitch. C. purpurascens shell was 55 mm long; the tooth Conus purpurascens.
