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Human Biology exam one revision question and the answers, Exams of Human Biology

Human Biology exam one revision question and the answers

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 07/01/2024

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Human Biology exam one revision question
and the answers
Biology - - Correct Answers is the study of life
What is life? - - Correct Answers 1. Living things contain nucleic acid, proteins,
carbohydrates, and lipids
2. Living things are composed of cells
3. Living things grow and reproduce
4. Living things use energy and raw materials
5. Respond to their environment
6. Maintains homeostasis
7. Adaptive traits
What are humans made of? - - Correct Answers 1. Molecules
2. Cell
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ systems
6. Individual
7. Population
Where do humans fit in the overall scheme of life? - - Correct Answers Eukarys
Animals
Invertebrates and vertebras
Community - - Correct Answers All the species in an ecosystem that can interact
Ecosystem - - Correct Answers A community and its physical environment
Biosphere - - Correct Answers the part of the earth that supports life
Critical thinking involves - - Correct Answers inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning - - Correct Answers individual facts lead to a general conclusion
Deductive reasoning - - Correct Answers a general statement leads logically to a
specific conclusion, "if, then"
Human Science involves - - Correct Answers clinical trials
Epidemiological studies
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Human Biology exam one revision question

and the answers

Biology - - Correct Answers is the study of life What is life? - - Correct Answers 1. Living things contain nucleic acid, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

  1. Living things are composed of cells
  2. Living things grow and reproduce
  3. Living things use energy and raw materials
  4. Respond to their environment
  5. Maintains homeostasis
  6. Adaptive traits What are humans made of? - - Correct Answers 1. Molecules
  7. Cell
  8. Tissue
  9. Organ
  10. Organ systems
  11. Individual
  12. Population Where do humans fit in the overall scheme of life? - - Correct Answers Eukarys Animals Invertebrates and vertebras Community - - Correct Answers All the species in an ecosystem that can interact Ecosystem - - Correct Answers A community and its physical environment Biosphere - - Correct Answers the part of the earth that supports life Critical thinking involves - - Correct Answers inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning - - Correct Answers individual facts lead to a general conclusion Deductive reasoning - - Correct Answers a general statement leads logically to a specific conclusion, "if, then" Human Science involves - - Correct Answers clinical trials Epidemiological studies

Clinical trials - - Correct Answers Use human volunteers after successful, safe initial animal studies

  • 3 phases: with increasing numbers before FDA approval
  • Gold standard Epidemiological - - Correct Answers Observe patterns that occur in large populations Gold Standards - - Correct Answers double blind placebo-controlled studies How to tell the difference between pseudoscience and science - - Correct Answers Is the information consistent with information from other credible sources? How reliable is the source of the information? Were proper scientific procedures employed? Were experimental results properly interpreted? (+ check the methods!) Are there any other possible explanations for the results? Chemistry - - Correct Answers is the basis Of matter And life (Biology!) Matter - - Correct Answers takes up space and has mass Atoms - - Correct Answers units of matter Cannot be broken into smaller substances by ordinary chemical means Made of protons, neutrons, electrons Element - - Correct Answers pure form of matter with only one kind of atom Isotopes - - Correct Answers atoms with the same number of protons (and electrons) but different number of neutrons Radioisotopes - - Correct Answers are unstable and emit particles or energy Ion - - Correct Answers an atom that has gained or lost electrons; has a + or - charge Molecule - - Correct Answers two or more atoms that join together by chemical bonds Compound - - Correct Answers a molecule made of two or more elements Organic Molecules - - Correct Answers contain carbon-carbon bonds Inorganic Molecules - - Correct Answers No carbon-carbon bonds Electron shells - - Correct Answers of an atom are involved in bonding Are complete with 2 electrons in the first "shell" and 8 electrons in successive "shells"

Monosaccharides - - Correct Answers carbohydrate monomers Glycerol + fatty acids - - Correct Answers monomers for most types of lipids Amino acids - - Correct Answers protein monomers Nucleotides - - Correct Answers carbohydrate + phosphate + nitrogenous base - nucleic acid monomers Carbohydrates Cn (H2O) n - - Correct Answers cell membrane structure + used for energy Monosaccharides - - Correct Answers have 3-7 carbons, usually in a ring Disaccharides - - Correct Answers 2 connected monosaccharides Ex. Lactose = glucose + galactose Ex. Sucrose = glucose + fructose Polysaccharides - - Correct Answers many monosaccharides that link in different ways that affect our ability to use them Ex. starch vs cellulose Lipids - - Correct Answers cell membrane structure + hormones + protection/insulation + store and supply energy Lipids - - Correct Answers various molecular structures but all are partly or totally hydrophobic (insoluble in water) Fats (triglycerides) - - Correct Answers glycerol + 3 fatty acids Saturated - - Correct Answers maximum number of H atoms due to all single bonds; are solid at room T Unsaturated - - Correct Answers fewer than maximum number of H atoms due to one or more double bonds; usually liquid at room T Essential fatty acids (EFAs) - - Correct Answers 2 you must eat Alpha linolenic (ALA) - an omega- Linoleic- an omega- Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids - - Correct Answers The first double bond is either 3 or 6 carbons up from the end of the fatty acid molecule A healthy intake ratio is 2:1 omega 6: omega 3; most Americans 10:

Trans fats - - Correct Answers hydrogens are on the opposite side of the double bond; increase cardiovascular disease risk Phospholipids - - Correct Answers glycerol and 2 fatty acids (nonpolar) + phosphate group (polar) Amphipathic - - Correct Answers (hydrophobic + hydrophilic parts) Phospholipids - - Correct Answers spontaneously organize in body fluids to make the fabric of the cell membrane! Steroids - - Correct Answers Are NOT formed by dehydration synthesis Are formed from 4 carbon ring structures Example is cholesterol- component of cell membrane + precursor to steroid hormones Proteins - - Correct Answers cell membrane (channels and receptors) + enzymes + hormones + supply energy Amino acids - - Correct Answers 21 Vary only in their side chain Can be polar or nonpolar; affect protein shape Essential amino acids (9) must be eaten Proteins - - Correct Answers form by dehydration synthesis of amino acids Final Shape is specific (Proteins) - - Correct Answers depends on interactions among the "R" groups (+, - or uncharged) of the linked amino acids How many different levels of protein structure - - Correct Answers 4 Catalysts - - Correct Answers speed reactions without being used up in the process Enzymes - - Correct Answers Are Catalysts Substrate - - Correct Answers Active site joins with _____? Temperature and pH - - Correct Answers Enzymes are very sensitive to _____ Nucleic acids - - Correct Answers self-replicate + make cell proteins + provide energy Nucleotide - - Correct Answers monomer- 3 parts Sugar- ribose (RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA) Phosphate Nitrogenous base- adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) + uracil (U; in RNA only) or thymine (T; in DNA only)

Diffusion - - Correct Answers higher to lower concentration Facilitated diffusion - - Correct Answers uses a carrier protein Osmosis - - Correct Answers diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane From hypotonic to hypertonic solutions No net movement if isotonic solutions Active transport - - Correct Answers from lower to higher concentration using a carrier protein Endocytosis - - Correct Answers membrane surrounds a substance outside the cell and brings it in Exocytosis - - Correct Answers membrane-bound compartment inside cell joins with outer membrane and expels substance Prokaryotic - - Correct Answers Bacteria and archaea External plasma membranes Eukaryotic - - Correct Answers all other living things External and internal plasma membranes Nucleus - - Correct Answers Contains the nucleoplasm; everything outside it is the cytoplasm Contains the chromosomes (46; 23 pairs); usually in the unraveled form of chromatin Surrounded by a double membrane nuclear envelope with nuclear pores Nucleolus- site of formation of ribosomes RER- rough ER - - Correct Answers Has ribosomes attached Makes proteins for export from the cell or incorporation into membranes Note: free ribosomes make proteins for use inside cell SER-Smooth ER - - Correct Answers No ribosomes Detoxify alcohol and drugs Produce phospholipids for membranes Golgi complex - - Correct Answers Receives proteins from the RER, modifies, and "packages" them into vesicles Sends them to the cell membrane for structure or export

May bud off as lysosomes Lysosome - - Correct Answers Has digestive enzymes- the "stomach of the cell" Kills bacteria and recycles old cell parts Metabolism - - Correct Answers all the chemical reactions in the body Anabolism - - Correct Answers Building complex molecules from simpler ones Takes energy (ATP) Catabolism - - Correct Answers Breaking complex molecules into simpler ones Releases energy (than can be harnessed to make Aerobic - - Correct Answers ATP is made by catabolism based on the breakdown of glucose with oxygen Anaerobic - - Correct Answers ATP is made by catabolism by glucose without oxygen Aerobic respiration - - Correct Answers Requires Oxygen NAD and FAD- function like "electron buses" NAD+ + electrons <-> NADH FAD + electrons <-> FADH Yields about 36 ATP per molecule of glucose Glycolysis - - Correct Answers Glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytoplasm Makes 2 ATP directly Makes NADH Transition reaction - - Correct Answers Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix Releases CO Makes NADH Pyruvate is changed to acetyl CoA Citric Acid Cycle - - Correct Answers occurs in the mitochondrial matrix Forms ATP directly Forms NADH Forms FADH Releases CO Electron transport chain - - Correct Answers on the mitochondrial cristae Drives ATP formation by electron transfer Oxygen is the last electron acceptor and becomes water

Fibroblasts - - Correct Answers in loose and dense connective tissue Adipocytes - - Correct Answers in fat Chondrocytes - - Correct Answers in cartilage Osteoblasts - - Correct Answers make bone Osteoclasts - - Correct Answers break down bone Erythrocytes + leukocytes + platelets - - Correct Answers blood cells Erythrocytes - - Correct Answers red blood cells Leukocytes - - Correct Answers white blood cells Platelets - - Correct Answers cell fragments Skeletal - - Correct Answers Striated; voluntary Moves bones and diaphragm Cardiac - - Correct Answers striated; involuntary Heart movement (beating) Smooth - - Correct Answers Unstriated; involuntary Moves internal organs, blood vessels Nervous Tissue - - Correct Answers Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves Neurons/Neuroglia - - Correct Answers two times of nervous tissue cells Neurons - - Correct Answers Nerve cells Neuroglia - - Correct Answers support, insulate, and protect the neurons more numerous Tight junction - - Correct Answers creates a barrier Adhesion junctions - - Correct Answers Hold cells together Gap Junction - - Correct Answers Allow cell-to-cell communication Organ - - Correct Answers two or more tissues that work together for a specific function; ex. the heart- for pumping blood

Organ system - - Correct Answers two or more organs that work together for a specific function; ex circulatory system= heart + blood vessels 11 - - Correct Answers ___ major organ systems Homeostasis - - Correct Answers the ability of the body to maintain balance around a set point What Homeostasis maintains - - Correct Answers Internal core temperature Internal pH Blood pressure Blood levels of important molecules and ions-What Negative feedback - - Correct Answers homeostasis uses ____ to keep things relatively constant in the face of internal and external environmental changes Receptor, Control center, Effector - - Correct Answers Negative feedback involves..... Receptor - - Correct Answers detects change Control Center - - Correct Answers responds in relation to a set point Effector - - Correct Answers cause the response that returns the factor to the set point, is often a muscle or gland Positive feedback - - Correct Answers Occurs rarely Is NOT homeostatic Results in an increase in response with each stimulus until an end point is reached Ex. Uterine contractions, oxytocin, and birth ( Axial Skeleton - - Correct Answers Skull, vertebral column, ribs Protects the brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs Appendicular Skeleton - - Correct Answers Pectoral and pelvic girdles Anchor for the arms and legs Support Movement Protection of organs Mineral Storage Fat storage Blood cell production - - Correct Answers Function of the skeleton

Fibroblasts and Osteoblasts - - Correct Answers heal bones Arthritis - - Correct Answers inflamed joints Osteoarthritis - - Correct Answers degeneration of cartilage at joint Rheumatoid arthritis - - Correct Answers Autoimmune attack of the synovial membrane Osteoporosis - - Correct Answers low bone density