Download Human Biology exam one revision question and the answers and more Exams Human Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Human Biology exam one revision question
and the answers
Biology - - Correct Answers is the study of life What is life? - - Correct Answers 1. Living things contain nucleic acid, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
- Living things are composed of cells
- Living things grow and reproduce
- Living things use energy and raw materials
- Respond to their environment
- Maintains homeostasis
- Adaptive traits What are humans made of? - - Correct Answers 1. Molecules
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ systems
- Individual
- Population Where do humans fit in the overall scheme of life? - - Correct Answers Eukarys Animals Invertebrates and vertebras Community - - Correct Answers All the species in an ecosystem that can interact Ecosystem - - Correct Answers A community and its physical environment Biosphere - - Correct Answers the part of the earth that supports life Critical thinking involves - - Correct Answers inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning - - Correct Answers individual facts lead to a general conclusion Deductive reasoning - - Correct Answers a general statement leads logically to a specific conclusion, "if, then" Human Science involves - - Correct Answers clinical trials Epidemiological studies
Clinical trials - - Correct Answers Use human volunteers after successful, safe initial animal studies
- 3 phases: with increasing numbers before FDA approval
- Gold standard Epidemiological - - Correct Answers Observe patterns that occur in large populations Gold Standards - - Correct Answers double blind placebo-controlled studies How to tell the difference between pseudoscience and science - - Correct Answers Is the information consistent with information from other credible sources? How reliable is the source of the information? Were proper scientific procedures employed? Were experimental results properly interpreted? (+ check the methods!) Are there any other possible explanations for the results? Chemistry - - Correct Answers is the basis Of matter And life (Biology!) Matter - - Correct Answers takes up space and has mass Atoms - - Correct Answers units of matter Cannot be broken into smaller substances by ordinary chemical means Made of protons, neutrons, electrons Element - - Correct Answers pure form of matter with only one kind of atom Isotopes - - Correct Answers atoms with the same number of protons (and electrons) but different number of neutrons Radioisotopes - - Correct Answers are unstable and emit particles or energy Ion - - Correct Answers an atom that has gained or lost electrons; has a + or - charge Molecule - - Correct Answers two or more atoms that join together by chemical bonds Compound - - Correct Answers a molecule made of two or more elements Organic Molecules - - Correct Answers contain carbon-carbon bonds Inorganic Molecules - - Correct Answers No carbon-carbon bonds Electron shells - - Correct Answers of an atom are involved in bonding Are complete with 2 electrons in the first "shell" and 8 electrons in successive "shells"
Monosaccharides - - Correct Answers carbohydrate monomers Glycerol + fatty acids - - Correct Answers monomers for most types of lipids Amino acids - - Correct Answers protein monomers Nucleotides - - Correct Answers carbohydrate + phosphate + nitrogenous base - nucleic acid monomers Carbohydrates Cn (H2O) n - - Correct Answers cell membrane structure + used for energy Monosaccharides - - Correct Answers have 3-7 carbons, usually in a ring Disaccharides - - Correct Answers 2 connected monosaccharides Ex. Lactose = glucose + galactose Ex. Sucrose = glucose + fructose Polysaccharides - - Correct Answers many monosaccharides that link in different ways that affect our ability to use them Ex. starch vs cellulose Lipids - - Correct Answers cell membrane structure + hormones + protection/insulation + store and supply energy Lipids - - Correct Answers various molecular structures but all are partly or totally hydrophobic (insoluble in water) Fats (triglycerides) - - Correct Answers glycerol + 3 fatty acids Saturated - - Correct Answers maximum number of H atoms due to all single bonds; are solid at room T Unsaturated - - Correct Answers fewer than maximum number of H atoms due to one or more double bonds; usually liquid at room T Essential fatty acids (EFAs) - - Correct Answers 2 you must eat Alpha linolenic (ALA) - an omega- Linoleic- an omega- Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids - - Correct Answers The first double bond is either 3 or 6 carbons up from the end of the fatty acid molecule A healthy intake ratio is 2:1 omega 6: omega 3; most Americans 10:
Trans fats - - Correct Answers hydrogens are on the opposite side of the double bond; increase cardiovascular disease risk Phospholipids - - Correct Answers glycerol and 2 fatty acids (nonpolar) + phosphate group (polar) Amphipathic - - Correct Answers (hydrophobic + hydrophilic parts) Phospholipids - - Correct Answers spontaneously organize in body fluids to make the fabric of the cell membrane! Steroids - - Correct Answers Are NOT formed by dehydration synthesis Are formed from 4 carbon ring structures Example is cholesterol- component of cell membrane + precursor to steroid hormones Proteins - - Correct Answers cell membrane (channels and receptors) + enzymes + hormones + supply energy Amino acids - - Correct Answers 21 Vary only in their side chain Can be polar or nonpolar; affect protein shape Essential amino acids (9) must be eaten Proteins - - Correct Answers form by dehydration synthesis of amino acids Final Shape is specific (Proteins) - - Correct Answers depends on interactions among the "R" groups (+, - or uncharged) of the linked amino acids How many different levels of protein structure - - Correct Answers 4 Catalysts - - Correct Answers speed reactions without being used up in the process Enzymes - - Correct Answers Are Catalysts Substrate - - Correct Answers Active site joins with _____? Temperature and pH - - Correct Answers Enzymes are very sensitive to _____ Nucleic acids - - Correct Answers self-replicate + make cell proteins + provide energy Nucleotide - - Correct Answers monomer- 3 parts Sugar- ribose (RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA) Phosphate Nitrogenous base- adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) + uracil (U; in RNA only) or thymine (T; in DNA only)
Diffusion - - Correct Answers higher to lower concentration Facilitated diffusion - - Correct Answers uses a carrier protein Osmosis - - Correct Answers diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane From hypotonic to hypertonic solutions No net movement if isotonic solutions Active transport - - Correct Answers from lower to higher concentration using a carrier protein Endocytosis - - Correct Answers membrane surrounds a substance outside the cell and brings it in Exocytosis - - Correct Answers membrane-bound compartment inside cell joins with outer membrane and expels substance Prokaryotic - - Correct Answers Bacteria and archaea External plasma membranes Eukaryotic - - Correct Answers all other living things External and internal plasma membranes Nucleus - - Correct Answers Contains the nucleoplasm; everything outside it is the cytoplasm Contains the chromosomes (46; 23 pairs); usually in the unraveled form of chromatin Surrounded by a double membrane nuclear envelope with nuclear pores Nucleolus- site of formation of ribosomes RER- rough ER - - Correct Answers Has ribosomes attached Makes proteins for export from the cell or incorporation into membranes Note: free ribosomes make proteins for use inside cell SER-Smooth ER - - Correct Answers No ribosomes Detoxify alcohol and drugs Produce phospholipids for membranes Golgi complex - - Correct Answers Receives proteins from the RER, modifies, and "packages" them into vesicles Sends them to the cell membrane for structure or export
May bud off as lysosomes Lysosome - - Correct Answers Has digestive enzymes- the "stomach of the cell" Kills bacteria and recycles old cell parts Metabolism - - Correct Answers all the chemical reactions in the body Anabolism - - Correct Answers Building complex molecules from simpler ones Takes energy (ATP) Catabolism - - Correct Answers Breaking complex molecules into simpler ones Releases energy (than can be harnessed to make Aerobic - - Correct Answers ATP is made by catabolism based on the breakdown of glucose with oxygen Anaerobic - - Correct Answers ATP is made by catabolism by glucose without oxygen Aerobic respiration - - Correct Answers Requires Oxygen NAD and FAD- function like "electron buses" NAD+ + electrons <-> NADH FAD + electrons <-> FADH Yields about 36 ATP per molecule of glucose Glycolysis - - Correct Answers Glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytoplasm Makes 2 ATP directly Makes NADH Transition reaction - - Correct Answers Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix Releases CO Makes NADH Pyruvate is changed to acetyl CoA Citric Acid Cycle - - Correct Answers occurs in the mitochondrial matrix Forms ATP directly Forms NADH Forms FADH Releases CO Electron transport chain - - Correct Answers on the mitochondrial cristae Drives ATP formation by electron transfer Oxygen is the last electron acceptor and becomes water
Fibroblasts - - Correct Answers in loose and dense connective tissue Adipocytes - - Correct Answers in fat Chondrocytes - - Correct Answers in cartilage Osteoblasts - - Correct Answers make bone Osteoclasts - - Correct Answers break down bone Erythrocytes + leukocytes + platelets - - Correct Answers blood cells Erythrocytes - - Correct Answers red blood cells Leukocytes - - Correct Answers white blood cells Platelets - - Correct Answers cell fragments Skeletal - - Correct Answers Striated; voluntary Moves bones and diaphragm Cardiac - - Correct Answers striated; involuntary Heart movement (beating) Smooth - - Correct Answers Unstriated; involuntary Moves internal organs, blood vessels Nervous Tissue - - Correct Answers Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves Neurons/Neuroglia - - Correct Answers two times of nervous tissue cells Neurons - - Correct Answers Nerve cells Neuroglia - - Correct Answers support, insulate, and protect the neurons more numerous Tight junction - - Correct Answers creates a barrier Adhesion junctions - - Correct Answers Hold cells together Gap Junction - - Correct Answers Allow cell-to-cell communication Organ - - Correct Answers two or more tissues that work together for a specific function; ex. the heart- for pumping blood
Organ system - - Correct Answers two or more organs that work together for a specific function; ex circulatory system= heart + blood vessels 11 - - Correct Answers ___ major organ systems Homeostasis - - Correct Answers the ability of the body to maintain balance around a set point What Homeostasis maintains - - Correct Answers Internal core temperature Internal pH Blood pressure Blood levels of important molecules and ions-What Negative feedback - - Correct Answers homeostasis uses ____ to keep things relatively constant in the face of internal and external environmental changes Receptor, Control center, Effector - - Correct Answers Negative feedback involves..... Receptor - - Correct Answers detects change Control Center - - Correct Answers responds in relation to a set point Effector - - Correct Answers cause the response that returns the factor to the set point, is often a muscle or gland Positive feedback - - Correct Answers Occurs rarely Is NOT homeostatic Results in an increase in response with each stimulus until an end point is reached Ex. Uterine contractions, oxytocin, and birth ( Axial Skeleton - - Correct Answers Skull, vertebral column, ribs Protects the brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs Appendicular Skeleton - - Correct Answers Pectoral and pelvic girdles Anchor for the arms and legs Support Movement Protection of organs Mineral Storage Fat storage Blood cell production - - Correct Answers Function of the skeleton
Fibroblasts and Osteoblasts - - Correct Answers heal bones Arthritis - - Correct Answers inflamed joints Osteoarthritis - - Correct Answers degeneration of cartilage at joint Rheumatoid arthritis - - Correct Answers Autoimmune attack of the synovial membrane Osteoporosis - - Correct Answers low bone density
