HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL, Exercises of Human Biology

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Human Anatomy Lab Manual

Human Anatomy Lab Manual by Malgosia Wilk-Blaszczak is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

Images are individually licensed as noted in the back matter.

CONTENTS

About the Publisher ix

About This Project xi

Acknowledgments xiii

LAB 1: ANATOMICAL LANGUAGE

Lab 1: Anatomical Language 3

Pre-Lab 1 5

Lab Activities 9

Post-Lab 1 Questions 15

LAB 2: BONES AND BONE MARKINGS

Lab 2: Bones and Bone Markings 19

Pre-Lab 2 21

Lab Activities 27

Post-Lab 2 Questions 33

LAB 3: SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES

Lab 3: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 39

Pre-Lab 3 41

Lab Activities 45

Post-Lab 3 Questions 49

LAB 4: BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES

Lab 4: Brain and Cranial Nerves 53

Pre-lab 4 55

Lab Activities 59

Post-Lab 4 Questions 63

• Lab 5: Special Senses
• Pre-lab
• Lab Activities
• Post-Lab 5 Questions
• Lab 6: Respiratory System LAB 6: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Pre-Lab
• Lab Activities
• Post-Lab 6 Questions
• Lab 7: The Cardiovascular system LAB 7: THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• Pre-lab
• Lab Activities
• Post-Lab 7 Questions
• Lab 8: Digestive System LAB 8: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Pre-Lab
• Lab Activities
• Post-Lab 8 Questions
• Lab 9: Urinary and Reproductive Systems LAB 9: URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
• Pre-lab
• Lab Activities
• Post-Lab 9 Questions
• Lab 10: The Muscular and Integumentary systems LAB 10: THE MUSCULAR AND INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMS
• Pre-Lab
• Lab Activities
• Post-Lab 10 Questions
• Vocabulary VOCABULARY
• Image Credits

ABOUT THIS PROJECT

OVERVIEW

This is a lab manual for a college-level human anatomy course (BIOL 3446 at UTA). Despite the abundance of information readily available via Google, the mastery of anatomy requires a fair amount of memorization for quick recall. The activities in this manual encourage students to engage with new vocabulary in many ways, including grouping key terms, matching terms to structures, recalling definitions, and written exercises.

As the majority of college campuses do not have easy access to a cadaver, most of the activities in this manual utilize anatomical models. Also included are several dissections of animal tissues, and a significant amount of histological examinations.

Each unit includes both pre- and post-lab questions and six lab exercises designed for a classroom where students move from station to station during a three-hour period. Effort was put into equalizing the time required to perform each lab exercise, to facilitate class flow. The vocabulary terms used in each unit are listed at the end of the manual and serve as a checklist for practicals.

CREATION PROCESS

When Malgosia Wilk-Blaszczak began teaching human anatomy at UTA she realized that while there are many commercially available manuals which incorporate a lot of human physiology, none of them focus solely on anatomy. She decided to create a manual for anatomy labs that could fill that void. The first version of this work was created and used in anatomy labs at UTA.

The idea of publishing the lab manual as an OER came to her courtesy of Michelle Reed, Open Education Librarian at UTA. To make this leap to an open platform, she enlisted the help of some of her best students. In Fall 2017, one year prior to the publication of this work, Wilk recruited a group of three excellent undergraduate teaching assistants. These students worked with UTA Libraries to identify openly licensed images and incorporate them into the text. Libraries’ staff assisted in migrating the resource to Pressbooks, where it could be easily exported into a variety of formats. Furthermore, we conducted student surveys to gather feedback. Wilk’s teaching assistants have always been an important part of her pedagogy. With their assistance, she was able to complete and openly publish this anatomy lab manual. The students put in the hard work to change all illustrations to Creative Commons licensed images and ensure proper attribution of all the images used. The student contributors, Kevin Alford, Andrea Compo-Valez, and Victoria Dorch, now alumni, reviewed and edited the resource, and are listed as co-authors of this manual.

Ultimately, open manuals reduce the cost to students while customizing the information and visuals required for class. In addition, the digital copy of the manual allows students to access homework and exercises wherever they are and is easily obtainable on the first day of class. Open

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL xi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

AUTHOR’S NOTE

I would like to dedicate this section to all my undergraduate teaching assistants, past and present. Every semester, I pick the most gifted students from previous semesters to serve as teaching assistants. I appreciate your commitment, passion, and hard work, but most of all, the amazing times we have had together. Special thanks to Clint Hassell and Natalie Winter who have served as my teaching assistants for many semesters, and have been good friends ever since. You have always done more than what was expected, and have given so much of your time and effort to support students to really grow and surprise us.

LEAD AUTHOR AND EDITOR

Malgosia Wilk-Blaszczak, M.D., Ph.D. – Professor of Instruction, University of Texas at Arlington

CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS

Kevin A. Alford, B.S. – University of Texas at Arlington alumnus

Andrea Campo-Velez, B.S. – University of Texas at Arlington alumna

Victoria Dorch, B.S. – University of Texas at Arlington alumna

EDITOR

Kevin A. Alford, B.S. – University of Texas at Arlington alumnus

ILLUSTRATORS

Andrea Campo-Velez, B.S. – University of Texas at Arlington alumna

Victoria Dorch, B.S. – University of Texas at Arlington alumna

ADDITIONAL THANKS TO…

Michelle Reed and Thomas Perappadan of UTA Libraries for assisting in the publication of this resource.

Jodi Wiley, B.S, UTA alumna, for creating and formatting class handouts that became the foundation for this OER.

Bradford Dimos, UTA graduate student, and Collin Funkhouser, UTA alumnus, for class-testing the previous version of this resource.

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL xiii

ABOUT THE COVER

Kyle Pinkos, UTA Libraries’ Marketing Coordinator, designed the cover for this OER. The images used are in the public domain. Featured images, from Ontleding Des Menschelyken Lichaams by Govard Bidloo, are available from the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

xiv MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK

LAB 1: ANATOMICAL LANGUAGE

MEASURABLE OUTCOMES

• Understand what the standard anatomical position is.
• Correctly identify a given plane by its correct name.
• Relate different structures of the body using the directional terms provided.
• Correctly identify the anatomical regions of the body.
• Demonstrate how to properly focus histology slides and identify key structures.
• Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

BACKGROUND

A solid foundation is essential when learning any new skill. Understanding anatomical directions, articulations, planes, and regions are the foundation for learning anatomy.

The standard anatomical position of the human body is facing towards the observer, legs hip- width apart, feet facing forward, arms out slightly at either side with palms facing forward. When determining a structure’s relative position, be sure to use this frame of reference. For example, it can be easy to confuse which side is the anterior aspect of the hands, therefore, one might incorrectly assume that the thumb is medial to the little finger. Remember, the anterior aspect of the hand is the palm, therefore the thumb is furthest from the center of the body and is lateral.

The archetypal body planes are frontal, sagittal and transverse planes. The frontal plane splits the body into anterior and posterior halves. The sagittal plane splits the body into left and right halves. The transverse plane splits the body into superior and inferior (top and bottom) halves. It is important to be able to identify a given plane so that you can orient yourself when a specimen, model or diagram is depicted a certain way. This same reasoning applies to the necessity of understanding directional terms such as anterior, inferior, distal and medial. It is recommended that you read the content prior to attending lab to make the most of your time.

Vocabulary for Anatomical Language on page(s) 160-161.

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 3

PRE-LAB 1

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

INSTRUCTIONS:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. Note: For this lab only, you may use any anatomical structure of the human body to fill in the table.

For the remaining pages of the prelab, label the designated planes, regions, and directions.

(1 point)

Name of a structure is directionalterm to Name of the second structure

forearm* is proximal to hand* head is superior to is inferior to tibia breast is anterior to is distal to upper arm brain is medial to is lateral to trunk

HUMAN ANATOMY LAB MANUAL 5

Label the planes of the body. (1 point)

Planes of Body

Label all nine regions of the abdomen. (1 point)

6 MALGOSIA WILK-BLASZCZAK