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HTH 100 EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Nutrition and Physical Inactivity -- Answer โโ Linked to cancer of the esophagus, breast, color rectum, liver, stomach, kidney pancreas, and endometrial cancer in women aged 18-25. Stress & Psychosocial -- Answer โโ People who are under chronic, severe stress who suffer from mental health complications show higher rates of cancer compared to their counterparts. Inflammation has been linked to several types of cancer -- Answer โโ Cause cellular mutations, environmental factors weaken the immune system and disrupt the normal microbiome. Carcinogens in the workplace -- Answer โโ Asbestos, nickel, chromate, benzene, arsenic, vinyl chloride, certain dyes, coal tars, pesticides, herbicides Radiation -- Answer โโ Ionizing radiation (X-rays, cosmic rays, and ultraviolet radiation), radon exposure, extreme cell-phone usage linked to brain tumors, chemicals in food.
Carcinomas -- Answer โโ Epithelial tissue or the tissues covering most body surface and lining most body cavities. (Skin, lungs, breasts, pancreas, and other organs and glands.) Sarcomas -- Answer โโ Occurs in the mesodermal or middle layers of the tissue, such as bones, muscles, and general connective tissues. (Bone, muscles, and blood vessels) Lymphomas -- Answer โโ develop in the lymphatic system or the infection-fighting regions of the body. (Hodgkin's disease) Leukemias -- Answer โโ are cancers of the blood-forming tissues of the body, especially the bone marrow and spleen. (Bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen.) Lung Cancer -- Answer โโ Leading cause of cancer death among men and women in the US. What are the symptoms of Lung Cancer -- Answer โโ Persistent cough, blood- streaked sputum, chest or back pain, and recurrent pneumonia, or bronchitis. Treatment of Lung Cancer -- Answer โโ If the cancer is localized, it is treated with surgery. Otherwise, surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy are the method of treatment. Prevention of Lung Cancer -- Answer โโ Involves the avoidance of smoking and secondhand smoke, test your home for radon, avoid carcinogens at work, eat a diet full of fruits and vegetables, exercise most days of the week. Breast Cancer -- Answer โโ It is the second leading cause of cancer death in women
Color -- Answer โโ is not uniform and varies in color from tan, red, brown, black, and bluish. Diameter -- Answer โโ Greater than 6mm( side of the pea ) Evolving -- Answer โโ Symmetry size, shape, color, and borders change over time Treatment of Skin Cancer -- Answer โโ Surgically removing the melanoma, but if It has metastasized, chemotherapy and radiation must also be administered. Prostate Cancer -- Answer โโ Small walnut sized gland that is located in the male urethra. Symptoms of Prostate Cancer -- Answer โโ weak or interrupted urine flow, the urge to urinate frequently, difficulty starting or stopping urination, pain during urination, blood in the urine, and/or pain in the lower back, pelvis, or thighs. Risk factors of Prostate Cancer -- Answer โโ Include increasing age and familial history Prevention of Prostate Cancer -- Answer โโ Eating more fruits and vegetables especially those containing lycopene, a substance found in tomato or other red fruit. Avoid excess weight. Do not smoke, Maintaining an active lifestyle. Ovarian Cancer -- Answer โโ Cause more death than any other reproductive cancer. Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer -- Answer โโ Has no early symptoms but some women have complained about being bloated.
Risk of Ovarian Cancer -- Answer โโ Family history of the disease is a likely risk factor. Women who have used fertility drugs are also at an increased risk than those who have not. Prevention of Ovarian Cancer -- Answer โโ Annual pelvic examinations after the age of 40. Cervical & Endometrial Cancer -- Answer โโ Most uterine cancers either develop in the body of the uterus or int he base of the uterus, known as the cervix. Risk Factors of Cervical Cancer -- Answer โโ cigarette smoking and a history of infection with HPV. Pancreatic Cancer -- Answer โโ One of the deadliest forms of cancer. Risk Factor of Pancreatic Cancer -- Answer โโ tobacco use, obesity, consumption of extreme levels of red meat; high fat diet, familial history, genetics, history of pancreatitis, diabetes, prior Hepatitis B&C infections. Global Population Growth Factors -- Answer โโ Life Expectancy, Childhood Mortality Rate, Fertility Rate, Migration. Measuring the Impact of People -- Answer โโ Carrying-capacity of the earth. Ecosystem, Food Supply, Land Degradation, Energy Consumption. Climate Change -- Answer โโ Shift in global weather patterns. Climate Change Fluctuation in: -- Answer โโ Seasonal temperatures, rain and snowfall amounts, occurrence of catastrophic storm.
Avid Deposition -- Answer โโ The deposition of wet and dry acidic component that fall to the earth in dust or smoke. Acidifies ponds, lakes, and other bodies of water. Aggravates and/or cause bronchitis, asthma, and other respiratory conditions. Indoor Air Pollution -- Answer โโ Levels 2-5x higher than outdoor air pollution. Ozone Layer Depletion -- Answer โโ Protects the planet and its inhabitants from ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation UVB -- Answer โโ Primary cause of skin cancer, and damages DNA and weakens the immune system Chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) -- Answer โโ Banned in the US. Ozone layer is expected to be fully healed by the middle of this century. Water Scarcity and Pollution -- Answer โโ 71%o f Earth is covered with water, causes of water scarcity, 2/3 of Earth population will live in water stressed areas in 2025. Tap Water in the US -- Answer โโ Safest in the world. Safe Drinking Water Act set forth by the EPA Pollutants causing creating potential harm -- Answer โโ Coliform bacteria and other micro-organism, volatile organic compound, fracking by-products, polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides, dioxins. Point Source Pollutants -- Answer โโ Waterway - pipe, ditch, culvert, or other conduit. Sewage treatment plants, industrial facilities Nonpoint source pollutants -- Answer โโ Drain or seep into waterway from broad areas of land.
Land Pollution -- Answer โโ Much of the waste that pollutes water starts by polluting land. As population grows, there is more waste. Sold Waste -- Answer โโ On average each of us generates almost 5 pounds of solid waster per day. Strategies to Reduce Waste -- Answer โโ Source Reduction, Compositing Recycling, Combustion with energy recovery. Hazardous Waste -- Answer โโ Has properties that make it capable of harming human health or the environment The Comprehensive Environmental Response and Liability Act -- Answer โโ Enacted to provide funds for cleaning up hazardous waste. EPA -- Answer โโ developed protective requirement for land disposal facilities. Radiation -- Answer โโ Energy that revels in waves or particles Nuclear Power Plants: Proponents -- Answer โโ Believe it is a safe and efficient way to generate electricity and could help slow global warming. Disadvantage of nuclear power plants -- Answer โโ Disposal of nuclear waste, potential reactor core meltdown. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) -- Answer โโ Describes diseases of the heart and blood vessels, such as high blood pressure
Ventricles -- Answer โโ Are the heart's two lowers chambers, which pump blood out to body. Arteries -- Answer โโ Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart except for the pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Arterioles -- Answer โโ Are branches of arteries Capillaries -- Answer โโ Even smaller blood vessels, have thin walls that permit the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products with body cells. Venules -- Answer โโ are very small blood vessels that carry blood from capillary beds into larger veins. Veins -- Answer โโ Are vessels that carry blood back to the heart from other regions of the body. What are the key cardiovascular diseases? -- Answer โโ Atherosclerosis, Coronary Heart disease (CHD), Stroke, hypertension, arrhythmia, congenital cardiovascular defects. Hypertension -- Answer โโ refers to sustained elevated blood pressure (high blood pressure or high BP) Hypertension: Systolic pressure measure the working pressure of the heart when it contracts. -- Answer โโ Top Number Hypertension: Diastolic pressure measures the amount of pressure maintained in the arteries during the heart's relaxation period. -- Answer โโ Bottom Number
A person's weight, age, physical condition, etc can have an impact on their blood pressure. -- Answer โโ True Atherosclerosis -- Answer โโ Characterized by deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste produces, calcium, and fibrin in the inner lining of the artery. Hyperlipemia -- Answer โโ abnormally high blood lipid level Myocardial Infarction (MI) or heart attack -- Answer โโ The blood supply to the heart is disputed Coronary thrombosis -- Answer โโ This is caused by a blood clot in the coronary artery. Embolus -- Answer โโ Occurs when the blood clot is dislodged and moves through the circulatory system. Collateral Circulation -- Answer โโ An alternative or collateral route of blood flow that develops when blockage of the heart is minor. Stroke -- Answer โโ Occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted. Thrombus -- Answer โโ A stationary blood clot within a blood vessel Embolus -- Answer โโ A free-flowing clot Aneurysm -- Answer โโ a bulging or burst blood vessel
identify damage from a heart attack, diagnose congenital heart defects, and evaluate disease of larger blood vessels, such as the aorta. Ultrafast computed tomography (CT) -- Answer โโ Fast form of heart X ray designed to evaluate bypass grafts, diagnose ventricular function, and measure calcium deposits. Coronary Calcium Scan -- Answer โโ specialized X-ray tests that provides pictures of your heart that can help your doctor detect and measure calcium-containing plaque in your arteries. Cancer -- Answer โโ A large group of disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Neoplasm -- Answer โโ A new growth of tissue that serves no physiological function and results from uncontrolled, abnormal cellular development. Tumor -- Answer โโ A neoplasm mass (clump) that grows more rapidly than surrounding tissue Malignant -- Answer โโ Very dangerous or harmful; refers to a cancerous tumor Benign -- Answer โโ Harmless; refers to a noncancerous tumor. Biopsy -- Answer โโ Microscopic examination of tissue to determine whether a cancer is present. Metastasis -- Answer โโ the process by which cancer spreads from one area to different areas of the body
Mutant cells -- Answer โโ Cells that differ in form, quality, or functions from normal cells. Cancer Staging -- Answer โโ A classification system that describes how far a person's disease has advanced. Cancer Stages Ranges from State 0-IV -- Answer โโ True Lifetime Risk -- Answer โโ the probability that a person will develop or die from a given disease. General Tobacco Use -- Answer โโ Linked to liver cancer, colorectal polyps, oral cancer, and colorectal cancer. Alcohol Use -- Answer โโ Linked to cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus, colon & rectum, liver, larynx, and breast cancer
