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HTH 100 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
What is a pathogen? -- Answer ✔✔ A microorganism that causes disease What is an epidemic? -- Answer ✔✔ A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time. What is a pandemic? -- Answer ✔✔ A global disease outbreak What is an endemic? -- Answer ✔✔ A disease that is always present to some degree but usually less impactful as time goes on (i.e. common cold) What is virulence? -- Answer ✔✔ Degree of pathogenicity What does it mean to be immunocompromised? -- Answer ✔✔ When an individual has a weak immune system and their immune system becomes impacted
How do pathogens gain entry? -- Answer ✔✔ Wounds or physical trauma, direct contact, indirect contact (touching something an infected person touched), animal- bourne, interspecies-transmission, etc. What is animal-bourne diseases? -- Answer ✔✔ Carried by animals What does it mean to autoinoculate yourself? -- Answer ✔✔ When a person transmits a pathogen from one part of their body to another Risk factors you can control -- Answer ✔✔ Stress, nutrition, fitness level, sleep, drug use, personal hygiene, high-risk behaviors, exposure to products and services that increase risk Routes of disease transmission -- Answer ✔✔ Airborne, Direct Contact (blood / saliva /urine), reproductive, fomite (on surfaces), Vector (insects). Hard-to-control risk factors -- Answer ✔✔ Heredity, Age- weakened immune system (young or older adults), Environmental conditions-changes are increasing infectious diseases, Organism virulence and resistance- organisms mutated/more resistant to drugs Physical and chemical defenses against infection -- Answer ✔✔ Skin, Enzymes in body secretions (sweat), Internal linings of the body (mucus membranes), Immune system defenses What is immunity? -- Answer ✔✔ The ability of an organism to resist infection
What is diabetes? -- Answer ✔✔ Disease where body is unable to produce enough insulin. What is hyperglycemia? -- Answer ✔✔ high blood glucose levels What is the stored form of glucose? -- Answer ✔✔ Glycogen (stored in the liver and muscle) What is glucose? -- Answer ✔✔ Glucose is a simple sugar that is readily absorbed by the bloodstream. What does glucose do? -- Answer ✔✔ Provides energy What is type 2 diabetes? -- Answer ✔✔ - 90% of cases
- non-insulin dependent
- insulin resistance ↓ beta cell responsiveness (80% of patients)
- ***↑ resistance w/ obesity (+risk factor)
- ↓ number of beta cells in pancreas What is type 1 diabetes? -- Answer ✔✔ Where the pancreas produces little to no insulin - insulin dependent Non-modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes -- Answer ✔✔ Increased age
Certain ethnicities (Native Americans and African Americans) Genetic factors Biological factors Modifiable risk factors of type 2 diabetes -- Answer ✔✔ Obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). Physical inactivity. Dyslipidemia (HDL ≤ 35 mg/dL & TG ≥ 250 mg/dL). Hypertension (>140/90 mmHg), Sleep patterns, Dietary choices, Levels of stress. What is pre-diabetes? -- Answer ✔✔ When blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. What is gestational diabetes? -- Answer ✔✔ Abnormal blood glucose maintenance during pregnancy, occurs in 18 percent of all pregnancies, women that develop this have between 40 and 50 percent chance of progressing to type 2 diabetes, increased risk of birth-related complications (such as difficult labor, high bp, high blood acidity, increased infections, or even death). What are symptoms of diabetes? -- Answer ✔✔ High blood glucose level; Need to urinate excessively; Increased thirst and hunger; Tiredness, Nerve damage, Poor wound healing and increased infections. Complications of diabetes -- Answer ✔✔ Damage to heart and blood vessels, kidneys, eyes, and nerves
