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HSCI 4000 EXAM 2 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS UPDATED!!
Typology: Exams
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Mechanoreceptors responds to mechanical deformation of the receptor by touch, pressure, stretch and vibration
Chemoreceptors respond to chemicals
Thermoreceptors respond to changes in temperature
nocieoreceptors sensitive to stimuli that damage/threaten to harm tissue
3 different pathways concious relay divergent nonconcious
concious relay pathways
light touch, proproprioception, temp discrimination
divergent pathway -brings information to many locations in brainstem and cerebrum (information used at a conscious and unconscious levels); don't convey information to somatotopic areas of brain Example aching pain;
nonconcious pathway brings movement related info to cerebellum
3 neuron pathway these are compromised of three different types of neurons: sensor neuron, association neuron, and motor neuron
1st order neuron carries sensory impulse from sensory receptor to CNS
2nd order neuron carries info from CNS to somatosensory part of thalamus
Area of skin innervated by specific sensory spinal nerves
kinethesia sense that brings awareness of our body's movement
proprioception sense that brings awareness to our body's position in space
muscle spindle consists of muscle fibers, sensory endings and motor endings
sensory endings respond to type 1a affarents
velocity of change in muscle length respond to type 1a affarents
tonic stretch type II affarents
Golgi tendon organ receptors that respond to increases in muscle tension; info transferred from golgi tendon to spinal cord by type 1b affafrents
joint receptors respond to mechanical deformation of the capsule and ligaments
stages of pain transduction, transmission, perception, modulation
transduction of pain process that begins in the periphery when pain-producing stimulus send an impulse across a peripheral nerve fiber
transmission of pain conduction of pain signals along affarent pathways
perception of pain how the cortex attaches meaning to or interprets pain signals involves pain tolerance and pain threshold
phantom limb perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists diminishes over time
short term memory The ability to hold information, anticipations, or goals for a time and then release them if they become irrelevant.
long term memory the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
3 main types of memory immediate, short term, long term
types of memory procedural memory
sensory memory working memory
short term memory
long term memory
STM and LTM are separate memory systems
implicit memory- responses influenced by experience, no awareness of remembering explicit memory- intentional retrieval, semantic and episodic are the two types
semantic- facts and general knowledge episodic- declarative memory, events
iconic memory- visual memory echoic memory- auditory memory
retrograde- memory before event, going back in time anterograde- memory after event, going forward in time
declarative memory the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared
Two types of declarative memory semantic and episodic
semantic memory
sensitization priming
associative learning classical conditioning and operant conditioning
classical conditioning a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
opernant conditioning a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
explicit memory memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
encoding the processing of information into the memory system — for example, by extracting meaning.
consolidation initial process necessary for the formation of a new memory
retieval the process of getting information out of memory storage
impact of sleep on memory essential for cooling our synapses
Noninvastive pain interventions cutaneous stimulation, massage and exercise stretch muscles, cold reduces inflammation, TENS, distraction, guided imagery
Invasive Pain Management nerve blocking spinal surgery
Motor portion of PNS motor axons and nerves make up somatic division visceral/ autonomic motor division
components of spinal nerve Dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots
simplest motor function, provides an efferent response to basic changes in the length of muscles
deep tendon reflexes a muscle contracts when its tendon is processed
withdrawal reflex protective mechanism that allows withdrawal of a body part from a physical threat while maintaining balance
polysynaptic reflex at least one interneuron between sensory neuron and motor neuron so both sides of the body adjust to maintain balance
spinal and motor pathways two routes (1) lateral pathway (cerebral cortex) (2) ventromedial pathway (brainstem)
ascending axons sensory
descending axons motor
Medial tracts in brainstem control posture and gross movements
lateral tracts adjust limb movements
4 different motor pathways corticospinal tract reticulospinal tract medial vestibulospinal tract lateral vestibulospinal tract
corticospinal tract activates proximal, distal, and axial musculature in voluntary movement
reticulospinal tract activates proximal and axial muscles important for preparatory postual adjustments for planned movements
mirror neurons neurons that are activated by performing an action or by seeing another person perform the same action
primary motor cortex dysfunction Paralysis/ weakeness on opp side of body
parietal cortex damage misjudgments of distance, position, or speed of objects
cerebellar damage impairs coordination, gait and equilibrium and decreases muscle tone
Supplementary motor area prevent planning of movements, paralysis
midbrain damage tics, blocking voluntary movements, substantia nigra damage decreases ability to initiate movement
spinal cord damage
-paralysis: loss of motor function -paresthesia: loss of sensation -paraplegia: injury to the spinal cord is between T1 and L2 causing paralysis of the lower limbs -quadriplegia: injury to the spinal cord in the cervical region causing paralysis of all four limbs
basal ganglia damage -unusual body postures -dysarthria -changes in body tone -involuntary and uncontrolled movements
upper motor neuron lesion total loss of control and reflexes in affected limb
lower motor neuron lesion Caused by damage to the motor neurons. Result in flaccid paralysis, areflexia, atrophy, fasciculations, and fibrillations. Diseases include poliomyelitis and Werdnig-Hoffman disease.
Parkinson's disease A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors. loss of dopamine causes neurons to fire without normal control
completely dependent on others feeding tube requires ventilation
treatment for initial ALS stage strengthening, flexibility exercises, balance training
treatment for middle stage of ALS PROM from family, assistive devices
treatment for late stages of ALS prevention of skin breakdown
types of stokes ischemic, hemorrhagic, TIA
transient ischemic attack (mini stroke)
hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed
ischemic stroke a type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked
Embolic infarct distant blood clot lodges in CNS artery
thrombotic infarct Blood clot formed locally, usually at the site of an underlying atherosclerotic plaque.
Causes occlusion of the vessel
right MCA stroke
spinal cord injury
SCI level of injury lowest level of in tact sensation/ strength
