Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

HSCI 4000 EXAM 2 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS UPDATED!!, Exams of Advanced Education

HSCI 4000 EXAM 2 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS UPDATED!!

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 07/06/2025

Smartsolutions
Smartsolutions 🇺🇸

2.3

(3)

11K documents

1 / 22

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
HSCI 4000 EXAM 2 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS UPDATED!!
Mechanoreceptors
responds to mechanical deformation of the receptor by touch, pressure, stretch and
vibration
Chemoreceptors
respond to chemicals
Thermoreceptors
respond to changes in temperature
nocieoreceptors
sensitive to stimuli that damage/threaten to harm tissue
3 different pathways
concious relay
divergent
nonconcious
concious relay pathways
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16

Partial preview of the text

Download HSCI 4000 EXAM 2 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS UPDATED!! and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!

HSCI 4000 EXAM 2 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS UPDATED!!

Mechanoreceptors responds to mechanical deformation of the receptor by touch, pressure, stretch and vibration

Chemoreceptors respond to chemicals

Thermoreceptors respond to changes in temperature

nocieoreceptors sensitive to stimuli that damage/threaten to harm tissue

3 different pathways concious relay divergent nonconcious

concious relay pathways

light touch, proproprioception, temp discrimination

divergent pathway -brings information to many locations in brainstem and cerebrum (information used at a conscious and unconscious levels); don't convey information to somatotopic areas of brain Example aching pain;

nonconcious pathway brings movement related info to cerebellum

3 neuron pathway these are compromised of three different types of neurons: sensor neuron, association neuron, and motor neuron

1st order neuron carries sensory impulse from sensory receptor to CNS

2nd order neuron carries info from CNS to somatosensory part of thalamus

Area of skin innervated by specific sensory spinal nerves

kinethesia sense that brings awareness of our body's movement

proprioception sense that brings awareness to our body's position in space

muscle spindle consists of muscle fibers, sensory endings and motor endings

sensory endings respond to type 1a affarents

velocity of change in muscle length respond to type 1a affarents

tonic stretch type II affarents

Golgi tendon organ receptors that respond to increases in muscle tension; info transferred from golgi tendon to spinal cord by type 1b affafrents

joint receptors respond to mechanical deformation of the capsule and ligaments

stages of pain transduction, transmission, perception, modulation

transduction of pain process that begins in the periphery when pain-producing stimulus send an impulse across a peripheral nerve fiber

transmission of pain conduction of pain signals along affarent pathways

perception of pain how the cortex attaches meaning to or interprets pain signals involves pain tolerance and pain threshold

phantom limb perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists diminishes over time

short term memory The ability to hold information, anticipations, or goals for a time and then release them if they become irrelevant.

long term memory the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

3 main types of memory immediate, short term, long term

types of memory procedural memory

sensory memory working memory

short term memory

long term memory

STM and LTM are separate memory systems

implicit memory- responses influenced by experience, no awareness of remembering explicit memory- intentional retrieval, semantic and episodic are the two types

semantic- facts and general knowledge episodic- declarative memory, events

iconic memory- visual memory echoic memory- auditory memory

retrograde- memory before event, going back in time anterograde- memory after event, going forward in time

declarative memory the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared

Two types of declarative memory semantic and episodic

semantic memory

sensitization priming

associative learning classical conditioning and operant conditioning

classical conditioning a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

opernant conditioning a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

explicit memory memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

encoding the processing of information into the memory system for example, by extracting meaning.

consolidation initial process necessary for the formation of a new memory

retieval the process of getting information out of memory storage

impact of sleep on memory essential for cooling our synapses

Noninvastive pain interventions cutaneous stimulation, massage and exercise stretch muscles, cold reduces inflammation, TENS, distraction, guided imagery

Invasive Pain Management nerve blocking spinal surgery

Motor portion of PNS motor axons and nerves make up somatic division visceral/ autonomic motor division

components of spinal nerve Dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots

simplest motor function, provides an efferent response to basic changes in the length of muscles

deep tendon reflexes a muscle contracts when its tendon is processed

withdrawal reflex protective mechanism that allows withdrawal of a body part from a physical threat while maintaining balance

polysynaptic reflex at least one interneuron between sensory neuron and motor neuron so both sides of the body adjust to maintain balance

spinal and motor pathways two routes (1) lateral pathway (cerebral cortex) (2) ventromedial pathway (brainstem)

ascending axons sensory

descending axons motor

Medial tracts in brainstem control posture and gross movements

lateral tracts adjust limb movements

4 different motor pathways corticospinal tract reticulospinal tract medial vestibulospinal tract lateral vestibulospinal tract

corticospinal tract activates proximal, distal, and axial musculature in voluntary movement

reticulospinal tract activates proximal and axial muscles important for preparatory postual adjustments for planned movements

mirror neurons neurons that are activated by performing an action or by seeing another person perform the same action

primary motor cortex dysfunction Paralysis/ weakeness on opp side of body

parietal cortex damage misjudgments of distance, position, or speed of objects

cerebellar damage impairs coordination, gait and equilibrium and decreases muscle tone

Supplementary motor area prevent planning of movements, paralysis

midbrain damage tics, blocking voluntary movements, substantia nigra damage decreases ability to initiate movement

spinal cord damage

-paralysis: loss of motor function -paresthesia: loss of sensation -paraplegia: injury to the spinal cord is between T1 and L2 causing paralysis of the lower limbs -quadriplegia: injury to the spinal cord in the cervical region causing paralysis of all four limbs

basal ganglia damage -unusual body postures -dysarthria -changes in body tone -involuntary and uncontrolled movements

upper motor neuron lesion total loss of control and reflexes in affected limb

lower motor neuron lesion Caused by damage to the motor neurons. Result in flaccid paralysis, areflexia, atrophy, fasciculations, and fibrillations. Diseases include poliomyelitis and Werdnig-Hoffman disease.

Parkinson's disease A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors. loss of dopamine causes neurons to fire without normal control

completely dependent on others feeding tube requires ventilation

treatment for initial ALS stage strengthening, flexibility exercises, balance training

treatment for middle stage of ALS PROM from family, assistive devices

treatment for late stages of ALS prevention of skin breakdown

types of stokes ischemic, hemorrhagic, TIA

TIA

transient ischemic attack (mini stroke)

hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed

ischemic stroke a type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked

Embolic infarct distant blood clot lodges in CNS artery

thrombotic infarct Blood clot formed locally, usually at the site of an underlying atherosclerotic plaque.

Causes occlusion of the vessel

right MCA stroke

SCI

spinal cord injury

SCI level of injury lowest level of in tact sensation/ strength