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HSCI 305 Exam 1 Questions with 100% complete answers. NEW UPDATE!!, Exams of Nursing

HSCI 305 Exam 1 Questions with 100% complete answers. NEW UPDATE!! HSCI 305 Exam 1 Questions with 100% complete answers. NEW UPDATE!! HSCI 305 Exam 1 Questions with 100% complete answers. NEW UPDATE!!

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2024/2025

Available from 07/06/2025

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HSCI 305 Exam 1 Questions with 100%
complete answers. NEW UPDATE!!
Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER-What is the second leading cause of death?
Heart disease - CORRECT ANSWER-What is the first leading cause of death?
Unintentional injuries - CORRECT ANSWER-What is a high cause of death of
males?
1) What caused it?
2) What is it?
3) Options?
4) Will my family get it too? - CORRECT ANSWER-Important questions for
family/patients
1) Diagnostic test?
2) Other diagnoses to rule out?
3) stage/ grade and local or metastatic?
4) therapeutic approach?
5) How often and how long to follow patient? - CORRECT ANSWER-Important
questions for physicians
1) Possible causes?
2) Mechanism?
3) preventative measures
4) Certain people more likely to get it?
5) Can we use unique features of tumors to devise treatments? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Important questions for researchers
hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER-increased number of cells
dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER-cells look abnormal (unusually
undifferentiated)
neoplasia - CORRECT ANSWER-new (abnormal) proliferation
tumor - CORRECT ANSWER-mass of cells
cancer - CORRECT ANSWER-malignant neoplasia
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Download HSCI 305 Exam 1 Questions with 100% complete answers. NEW UPDATE!! and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

HSCI 305 Exam 1 Questions with 100%

complete answers. NEW UPDATE!!

Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER -What is the second leading cause of death?

Heart disease - CORRECT ANSWER -What is the first leading cause of death?

Unintentional injuries - CORRECT ANSWER -What is a high cause of death of

males?

  1. What caused it?
  2. What is it?
  3. Options?

4) Will my family get it too? - CORRECT ANSWER -Important questions for

family/patients

  1. Diagnostic test?
  2. Other diagnoses to rule out?
  3. stage/ grade and local or metastatic?
  4. therapeutic approach?

5) How often and how long to follow patient? - CORRECT ANSWER -Important

questions for physicians

  1. Possible causes?
  2. Mechanism?
  3. preventative measures
  4. Certain people more likely to get it?

5) Can we use unique features of tumors to devise treatments? - CORRECT

ANSWER -Important questions for researchers

hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -increased number of cells

dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -cells look abnormal (unusually

undifferentiated)

neoplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -new (abnormal) proliferation

tumor - CORRECT ANSWER -mass of cells

cancer - CORRECT ANSWER -malignant neoplasia

cancer - CORRECT ANSWER -an abnormal growth of cells caused by multiple

changes in gene expression leading to a dysregulated balance of cell proliferation and cell death and evolving into a population of cells that can invade tissues and metastasize to distant sites causing death if untreated

  • ability to invade and metastasize
  • benign tumors contain cancerous cells too - CORRECT ANSWER -What differentiates benign from malignant cancer?
  • set of unique diseases
  • inevitable consequence of multicellularity
  • a genetic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER -What are the three ways of looking at cancer?
  • histological
  • molecular - CORRECT ANSWER -What are the two ways to classify cancers?

histological - CORRECT ANSWER -organ and tissue cell of origin

appearance under microscope tumor organization (level of invasion)

molecular - CORRECT ANSWER -mutational profile

amount of mutation (mutational load)

risk factors - CORRECT ANSWER -______ ___________ indicate the likelihood

of acquiring the disease

prognostic factors - CORRECT ANSWER -indicate how the disease will behave

independent of therapy (cancer by itself no treatment)

predictive factors - CORRECT ANSWER -indicate how the disease will behave in

the presence of a particular therapy

therapeutic approach - CORRECT ANSWER -Clinical goal is to determine the

best _______________ ____________.

carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER -80-90% of all cancers epithelial origin

sarcoma - CORRECT ANSWER -mesenchymal origin connective tissue

chronic myeloid leukemia - CORRECT ANSWER -type of leukemia in a mutation

of BCR-ABL gene

Hodgkins and Non-Hodgkins - CORRECT ANSWER -two types of lymphoma

lymphoma - CORRECT ANSWER -starts in the lymphoid system in the

lymphatics

sarcomas and leukemia - CORRECT ANSWER -Most childhood cancers are.......

carcinomas - CORRECT ANSWER -Most adult cancers are.......

molecular classification - CORRECT ANSWER -Which classification is a better

predictor to targeted therapy?

predictive factor most commonly - CORRECT ANSWER -What factor does

molecular classification use?

HER2 mutated gene (breast cancer) - CORRECT ANSWER -Example of a

molecular classification

Keytruda (pembrolizumab) - CORRECT ANSWER -What is the name of the drug

based on molecular classification only?

anatomical pathology - CORRECT ANSWER -microscopic analysis of samples to

help diagnose and understand disease

histology - CORRECT ANSWER -focus on tissue architecture and organization

  • heterogenous mass
  • irregular shape
  • edges might not be obvious
  • discoloration
  • increased blood vessels and hemorrhage
  • mass effect - CORRECT ANSWER -factors of a primary tumor (6)

mass effect - CORRECT ANSWER -where normal tissue gets pushed and

shifted causing loss of symmetry

  • multiple modules
  • rare to see large nodules
  • edges?
  • not as vascularized as primary tumors - CORRECT ANSWER -factors of a metastasis

hematoxylin - CORRECT ANSWER -stains nuclei blue/purple is basophilic and

positive charge

eosin - CORRECT ANSWER -stains cytoplasm pink is eosinophilic and negative

charge

More purple because more nuclei because increased number of cells - CORRECT

ANSWER -if there is a lot of hyperplasia what type of stain would you see more?

  1. normal duct
  2. ductal hyperplasia
  3. atypical hyperplasia displasia BENIGN (above) MALIGNANT (below)
  4. ductal carcinoma in situ

5) invasive ductal carcinoma (metastasis) - CORRECT ANSWER -What are the

5 stages for breast cancer development?

  • 15-20 lobes and each lobe has 20-40 lobules, small ducts are attached to the lobules about 10 duct systems
  • cancer can be either ductal or glandular (ductal more common) - CORRECT

ANSWER -Describe typical structure of breast

hyperplasia benign - CORRECT ANSWER -stage in breast cancer with more

than one layer of epithelial cells in duct

atypical hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -stage in breast cancer with more

than one layer of epithelial cells and they are irregular in shape

ductal carcinoma in situ - CORRECT ANSWER -stage in breast cancer with

lowest malignant grade and not invasive and may not have symptoms

invasive ductal carcinoma (low grade) - CORRECT ANSWER -stage in breast

cancer where it escapes normal structure and invades surrounding tissue and symptoms should be evident

necrosis (outside cells do not care about inside cells) - CORRECT ANSWER -

when a tumor outgrows its blood supply what happens?

lymph nodes - CORRECT ANSWER -Whats the first metastatic site?

  1. intravasation
  2. circulation
  3. microvessels of many organs
  4. extravasation

7) metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER -What is the invasion metastasis cascade?

mesenchymal or blood cells - CORRECT ANSWER -Which cells are normally

motile? epithelial cells they have a basement membrane (non motile cells grow attached to

other cells) - CORRECT ANSWER -Which cells are anchored?

metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER -_____________ requires detached motile

cells

mesenchymal invasion - CORRECT ANSWER -this invasion is carried out by

single cells that go from epithelial to mesenchymal often times in a single file line and extracellular matrix is realigned to allow them out and once metastasis occurs the cells reverse back to epithelial

amoeboid invasion - CORRECT ANSWER -this invasion single cells detach from

tumor and behave like blood cells and invading cells squeeze through gaps in the extracellular matrix, but inability to create new paths

collective invasion - CORRECT ANSWER -this invasion is epithelial like in cell to

cell adhesion. Motile cells at front generate a path by re shaping extracellular matrix and these cells pull the cells that are connected to them through the path

coordinate and cohort invasion - CORRECT ANSWER -What are the two types

of collective invasion methods?

coordinated invasion - CORRECT ANSWER -this invasion is attached to primary

and migrate as a sheet

cohort invasion - CORRECT ANSWER -this invasion is separate from primary

the migration is a cluster of cells

epithelial cells - CORRECT ANSWER -What cell type is more likely to use

collective invasion?

sarcomas, lymphomas, and leukemia's - CORRECT ANSWER -What cell types

are more likely to use individual invasion like amoeboid or mesenchymal?

plasticity - CORRECT ANSWER -cancer cell types of invasion can change as the

cancer grows what is this called?

intravasation - CORRECT ANSWER -for the cancer to metastasize it must enter

the blood vessels paracellular- between cells

transcellular- through cells - CORRECT ANSWER -2 types of intravasation and

definitions

lymphangiogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER -Newer research has shown that

tumors induce ____________________ and is correlated with metastasis

regional lymph vessels and then into subclavian veins - CORRECT ANSWER -

Where do lymph vessels first drain to and them where do they drain after that? Yes. There are multiple companies looking for blood tests to run to determine if DNA in

blood stream or which cells of cancer are in blood - CORRECT ANSWER -True

or False: Do circulating cancer cells mean metastasis?

circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) - CORRECT ANSWER -cells naturally release

DNA fragments to surrounding fluids and have a short half life of about 3 hours these are great for evaluating disease progression and found in other fluids as long as tumor interacts with it

recurrence - CORRECT ANSWER -tumor has come back after therapy

local recurrence - CORRECT ANSWER -recurrence at primary site

recurrence out of field - CORRECT ANSWER -recurrence at primary site but

outside of local treatment area

regional recurrence - CORRECT ANSWER -recurrence at draining lymph node

distal recurrence - CORRECT ANSWER -recurrence at secondary site

Paget's Seed and Soil Hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER -tumor cells like seeds

are carried in all directions but can only grow in areas with congenial soil (nutrients) some cancer types have sites of metastases that normally occur with that type of cancer

  • CORRECT ANSWER -what is a preferential metastatic site?

DNA repair genes - CORRECT ANSWER -promote repair of mutations that occur

during the cell cycle. Loss of these results in accumulation of many mutations within a cell

  1. Sustaining proliferative signaling
  2. Evading growth suppressors
  3. Activating invasion and metastasis
  4. Enabling replicative immortality
  5. Inducing angiogenesis

6. Resisting cell death - CORRECT ANSWER -What are the 6 original hallmarks

of cancer?

proliferation - CORRECT ANSWER -The major defining feature of cancer is

increased ____________________. focus is on cancer cell at expense of tissue level changes or organization -

CORRECT ANSWER -What is a criticism of hallmark as a whole?

growth factors (increase in these is cancer) - CORRECT ANSWER -sustaining

proliferative signalling includes

growth factor independent signalling - CORRECT ANSWER -An altered structure

can lead to .........

overexpression - CORRECT ANSWER -An increase in sensitivity to growth

factor signalling

Autocrine signaling - CORRECT ANSWER -Where the growth factor receptor is

intact, increased growth signalling can be induced by the cancer cell itself

EGF (overexpression) - CORRECT ANSWER -What is an example of a growth

factor?

  • proliferation in cancer
  • angiogenesis
  • invasion
  • growth at metastatic site
  • therapeutic resistance - CORRECT ANSWER -What are some roles of growth factors in cancer?

VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) - CORRECT ANSWER -What is the

main growth factor involved in angiogenesis?

fibroblasts - CORRECT ANSWER -What secretes VEGF?

Existing vessels are pruned and new vessels are made. They have to balance each

other to work - CORRECT ANSWER -What does balancing of angiogenic

signalling mean?

tumor suppressors - CORRECT ANSWER -genes/proteins whose normal

function protects a cell from becoming cancerous, they are inactivated in cancer

mutations - CORRECT ANSWER -Most familial and hereditary cancers are from

tumor suppressor ________________

the cell cycle and checkpoints - CORRECT ANSWER -evading growth

suppressors includes........

  1. G1/S checkpoint
  2. S phase checkpoint
  3. G2/M checkpoint

4) Mitotic checkpoint - CORRECT ANSWER -What are the four types of cell

cycle checkpoints? adequate nutrition, DNA damage sensor

  • restriction point
  • pRb keeps E2F in check
  • if not combined correctly leads to arrest of cells - CORRECT ANSWER -What happens at G1/S checkpoint?

DNA damage - CORRECT ANSWER -S phase checkpoint?

Give time for cells to repair and even commit suicide if damaged

  • double stranded breaks studied
  • apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER -G2/M checkpoint? Chromosome aligned on metaphase plate only slows down and stops mitosis if error -

CORRECT ANSWER -Mitotic checkpoint??????

Rb or pRb - CORRECT ANSWER -What is the protein for retinoblastoma?

Parent inherits one mutated copy from parent and a new mutation occurs in the second copy of the gene and leads to loss of function this leads to the retinoblastoma (loss of

heterozygosity) - CORRECT ANSWER -Explain retinoblastoma family

connection

insertion/deletion - CORRECT ANSWER -mutations can lead to frameshift

changes that drastically change the protein product, copy number variation is associated with it

aneuploidy - CORRECT ANSWER -different number of chromosomes

chromosomal translocations - CORRECT ANSWER -formation of abnormal

chromosomes

oncogene activation - CORRECT ANSWER -This can be caused from deletion or

point mutation, gene amplification, or chromosome rearrangement

point mutation - CORRECT ANSWER -lead to more subtle changes in either

binding sites or regulatory domains

oncogenic mutations - CORRECT ANSWER -most often lead to constituvely

activated proteins that can signal in the absence of regulating factors

tumor suppressor mutations - CORRECT ANSWER -most often lead to

inactivation of the protein

driver mutations - CORRECT ANSWER -relevant mutations to cancer growth

and progression

passenger mutations - CORRECT ANSWER -irrelevant to cancer growth and

progression

base excision, single and double strand breaks, nucleotide excision - CORRECT

ANSWER -What are some pathways for DNA repair?

oncogenic amplification - CORRECT ANSWER -having more copies of the

protein and leads to increased signaling and or increased sensitivity to signaling

myc - CORRECT ANSWER -this is a transcription factor that plays a role in cell

cycle progression. Normal not dividing cells myc levels are low, dividing cells myc levels intermediate, and oncogenic myc has his levels of myc

array CGH method - CORRECT ANSWER -the goal of this is to detect copy

number alterations using a gene chip. Probes are labelled to help detect chromosomes and several genomes can be compared

abberations - CORRECT ANSWER -these can be unique for each tumor and the

copy number variation can vary among tumors

chromosomal instablity - CORRECT ANSWER -a phenotype of most cancer cells

losses or gains of chromsomes result from errors in mitosis

karyotype - CORRECT ANSWER -describe the number of chromosomes and

what they look like under a light microscope (looks for physical differences)

G-banding - CORRECT ANSWER -stained with Giemsa following digestion of

chromosome with trypsin

R-banding - CORRECT ANSWER -the reverse of G-banding

chromsome rearrangement 1 (myc Burkitts lymphoma) - CORRECT ANSWER -

this rearrangement lead to altered regulation of a proto-oncogene, leads to significant alteration in gene expression

chromosome rearrangement 2 (bcr-abl) - CORRECT ANSWER -this

rearrangement can lead to production of new proteins via fusion genes the new protein either has a new function of altered function

FISH fluoresence in situ hybridization - CORRECT ANSWER -chromosomes are

labeled with fluorescent chromosome specific DNA probe

genetic subtyping of cancer - CORRECT ANSWER -Microarrays test for what?

molecular classification of tumors - CORRECT ANSWER -goal is to use changes

in mutations and expression as a biomarker helps with normal cancers but rare cancers are not as easy

predictive quality - CORRECT ANSWER -What is the primary goal of clinical

studies?

retrospective studies - CORRECT ANSWER -outcome is known, look backwards

in time descriptive studies (surveillance), case control, and nested case studies -

CORRECT ANSWER -What studies are retrospective studies?

prospective studies - CORRECT ANSWER -risk factors stratified at the start, look

forward in time

strength - CORRECT ANSWER -stronger associations are more likely to be

causal than weaker associations

consistency - CORRECT ANSWER -has this been reproduced by multiple

groups under different circumstances

specificity - CORRECT ANSWER -single cause to single effect

temporality - CORRECT ANSWER -cause must precede the effect

biological gradient - CORRECT ANSWER -clear dose-response curve

plausibility - CORRECT ANSWER -is there prior biological data to explain causal

relationship

coherence - CORRECT ANSWER -the cause effect relationship should not

contradict what we know about the disease

experimental evidence - CORRECT ANSWER -result from intervention studies or

pre clinical studies confirm the observational studies

analogy - CORRECT ANSWER -have we seen similar effects with exposures of

the same class

Developing countries - CORRECT ANSWER -what countries have higher cancer

rates

Asia for both - CORRECT ANSWER -What country has the highest incidence

and mortality rates?

prostate in developed, but lung cancer in Europe (cigars) - CORRECT

ANSWER -most common cancer (males)

mostly lung and some liver - CORRECT ANSWER -deadliest cancer in males?

Breast and some ovarian/cervical in developing countries - CORRECT

ANSWER -most common cancer females

US: lungs developing: breast

Africa: cervical cancer - CORRECT ANSWER -deadliest cancer in females

  • prostate high incidence low mortality rate
  • lung high incidence and high mortality rate
  • lip/oral high incidence high mortality - CORRECT ANSWER -Males HDI stats
  • Breast cancer high incidence, low mortality
  • cervical cancer medium incidence and medium mortality more in developing countries
  • CORRECT ANSWER -Female HDI stats

Cancer Facts and Figures 2020 - CORRECT ANSWER -a descriptive study with

stats about cancer in the USA and estimates based on modeling trends

75 and older - CORRECT ANSWER -What age has the highest cancer incidence

rate? Males: 40.1%

Females: 38.7% - CORRECT ANSWER -What is lifetime prob of developing

cancer for males? Females? breast cancer increased, lung cancer increased, and pancreas cancer increased -

CORRECT ANSWER -What are some trends in 5 year survival rates?

  1. leukemia high incidence high mortality

2) brain and CNS high incidence higher mortality - CORRECT ANSWER -What

are cancer incidence rates in peds?

descriptive studies - CORRECT ANSWER -are there particular subpopulations

that have higher rates of cancer? what study?

cohort studies - CORRECT ANSWER -separate groups based on an exposure

and then see which one has a higher risk

case control studies - CORRECT ANSWER -compare people that have cancer to

those that don't have cancer and see how they differ

Nurse's Health Study - CORRECT ANSWER -the cohort study on registered

nurses on contraceptives focused mostly on women due to the nurse profession (females mostly) -

CORRECT ANSWER -Issues with Nurses Health Study

pre-clinical studies - CORRECT ANSWER -cell culture and animal studies

conversion - CORRECT ANSWER -the step of benign to malignant

transformation

progression - CORRECT ANSWER -outright disease/ cancer step?

initiator- benzopyrene (irreversible)

promoter- croton oil (irritant)(reversible) - CORRECT ANSWER -mouse multi-

step theory of cancer experiment

chemical carinogen - CORRECT ANSWER -any discrete chemical compound

which has been shown to cause cancer in human or animal studies

initiation - CORRECT ANSWER -most known carcinogens, mutagens,

transforms normal cells into potential cancer cells

promotion - CORRECT ANSWER -induce cell proliferation cannot induce cancer

unless initiation has already occurred

complete carcinogen - CORRECT ANSWER -chemical capable of acting at every

step of cancer progression, mutagens and promoters EX: radiation

combining hits and steps - CORRECT ANSWER -Mutagens initiate

transformation from normal to cancer (1st hit), promoters repeatedly stimulate cell to divide so 2nd hit and 3rd hit. Cell eventually becomes unstable.

  • epidemiological studies
  • animal studies - CORRECT ANSWER -How is carcinogennicity determined?

Group 1 - CORRECT ANSWER -carginogen classification carcinogenic to

humans (worst) EX: alcohol, radiation, tobacco, asbestos

Group 2A - CORRECT ANSWER -carcinogen classification probably

carcinogenic to humans EX: DDT, steroids

Group 2B - CORRECT ANSWER -carcinogen classification probably

carcinogenic to humans EX: welding fumes, styrene, pickled veggies

Group 3 - CORRECT ANSWER -classification carcinogen not classifiable as its

carcinogenicity to humans (not sure) EX: coffee, tea, printing ink

Group 4 - CORRECT ANSWER -carcinogen classification probably not

carcinogenic to humans EX: caprolactam (not anymore moved to group 3)

  • certainty
  • risk
  • mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER -How do you identify carcinogenicity? Obesity increases the risk of cancer but is reversible with good diet and exercise -

CORRECT ANSWER -How does diet affect cancer risk?

exposure is unlikely to be homogenous carcinogen can be more potent in stomach

rather than in liver etc. - CORRECT ANSWER -Carcinogenecity can be organ

specific lung: tobacco cervical: HPV melanoma: radiation stomach: h.pylori

liver: viral hepatitis, alcohol - CORRECT ANSWER -What is the known cause of

lung cancer, cervical cancer, melanoma, stomach, and liver cancer?

Lots of men and women stopped smoking due to the news - CORRECT

ANSWER -What happened in the surgeon generals warning?

cigarette use and death from lung cancer is about 20 years of a gap it is not immediate -

CORRECT ANSWER -Explain the delays between exposure and cancer

Still not as sure with cigarettes, but has a lot of the same qualities as smoking and

nicotine is addictive - CORRECT ANSWER -Is vaping carcinogenic?

still not much evidence, marijuana smoke has about 33 carcinogens in it, but THC is not carcinogenic, small studies but some show some increased risk (shown in animals) -

CORRECT ANSWER -Is marijuana carcinogenic?

oncovirus - CORRECT ANSWER -cancer causing virus