HPHM 4313 Community Health Issues - Midterm Exam Review (Qns & Ans) - TTUHSC 2025, Exams of Nursing

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HPHM 4 31 3 Community Health

Issues

Midterm Exam Review

(Questions & Solutions)

1. Multiple Choice Question: A community health department is conducting a needs assessment in a low-income urban area. Which of the following data sources is MOST critical to identify the primary health issues in the community?

• A. Local hospital revenue reports
• B. Community health surveys and epidemiologic data
• C. Employee satisfaction surveys from local clinics
• D. National health expenditure trends Correct ANS: B. Community health surveys and epidemiologic data Rationale: Community health surveys and epidemiologic data provide direct insight into prevalence, incidence, and distribution of diseases and risk factors in the targeted community, enabling evidence-based planning.

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2. Fill-in-the-Blank Question: Social determinants of health, such as income, education, and neighborhood conditions, are critical factors that influence __________ outcomes. Correct ANS: health Rationale: Social determinants greatly affect health outcomes; understanding these is essential for designing interventions that address both clinical and community-level disparities.

community health needs. Hospital profit margins (D) are not a direct measure of community needs.

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5. Multiple Choice Question: A local public health agency is planning an intervention to decrease the incidence of type 2 diabetes in a rural community. Which strategy best reflects a community-based approach?

• A. Implementing individualized treatment plans only
• B. Partnering with local schools and organizations for health education programs
• C. Centralizing diabetes care in a tertiary hospital
• D. Increasing pharmaceutical sales through local pharmacies Correct ANS: B. Partnering with local schools and organizations for health education programs Rationale: Community-based strategies, such as partnerships with local institutions, help promote preventive education and behavior change directly within the community, addressing social determinants and risk factors.

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6. Fill-in-the-Blank Question: An effective community intervention must integrate public health, clinical care, and __________ strategies, ensuring a comprehensive approach to population health. Correct ANS: health promotion

Rationale: Combining public health interventions with clinical care and health promotion strategies addresses multiple determinants of health and encourages sustainable behavioral changes.

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7. True/False Question: True or False: In community health, cultural competence among providers is crucial to developing interventions that are accepted and effective within diverse populations. Correct ANS: True Rationale: Cultural competence enhances provider–patient communication and ensures that health interventions are appropriately tailored to the cultural beliefs and practices of the community, increasing the likelihood of success.

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8. Multiple Response Question: Which factors should be considered when planning a community health intervention for obesity prevention? (Select all that apply)

• A. Local socioeconomic and food environment
• B. Access to safe recreational areas
• C. Genetic predispositions only
• D. Cultural dietary habits and attitudes
• E. Urban planning and transportation infrastructure

Question: An __________ planning process involves collaboration across multiple sectors, including healthcare, education, and local government to address community health issues holistically. Correct ANS: intersectoral Rationale: Intersectoral planning leverages expertise and resources from various sectors, leading to more effective and sustainable community health interventions by addressing the multifaceted nature of health determinants.

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11. True/False Question: True or False: Community coalitions are effective in addressing social determinants of health because they bring together diverse stakeholders to mobilize resources and share expertise. Correct ANS: True Rationale: Community coalitions foster partnerships among stakeholders, which enhances resource sharing, advocacy, and coordinated efforts to tackle complex health determinants and improve population health.

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12. Multiple Response Question: Which methods are useful for evaluating the outcomes of a community

health program? (Select all that apply)

• A. Pre- and post-intervention surveys
• B. Focus group discussions with program participants
• C. Analysis of quantitative health indicators (e.g., prevalence rates)
• D. Anecdotal evidence from staff only
• E. Comparative studies against similar communities Correct ANSs: A, B, C, E Rationale: Effective evaluation combines quantitative metrics, qualitative feedback, and comparative analyses to comprehensively assess outcomes. Relying solely on anecdotal evidence (D) does not provide robust data for evaluation.

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13. Multiple Choice Question: 

In addressing community health disparities, which strategy is most consistent with an equity-focused approach?

• A. Providing uniform resources across all communities
• B. Allocating additional resources to underserved and high-risk populations
• C. Targeting only high-income populations for advanced care
• D. Maintaining current spending patterns regardless of community needs Correct ANS: B. Allocating additional resources to underserved and high-risk populations Rationale: An equity-focused approach aims to reduce disparities by directing

16. Multiple Response Question: Which of the following are essential components of a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach in public health? (Select all that apply)

• A. Active involvement of community members in all phases of research
• B. Collaboration between academic researchers and community stakeholders
• C. Top-down implementation of interventions without community input
• D. Mutual benefit and capacity building for both researchers and the community
• E. Exclusive focus on quantitative methods without qualitative insights Correct ANSs: A, B, D Rationale: CBPR centers on active community involvement, partnership between researchers and the community, and mutual benefits. Excluding community input (C) or relying solely on quantitative methods (E) undermines the CBPR model.

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17. Multiple Choice Question: A public health official is designing a scalable intervention to reduce childhood obesity. Which aspect of program design is most important for ensuring long-term sustainability?

• A. High initial funding with no plan for ongoing revenue
• B. Integration with existing community resources and partnerships
• C. Use of temporary, one-time educational sessions

• D. Focus solely on clinical interventions without community input Correct ANS: B. Integration with existing community resources and partnerships Rationale: Sustainability depends on leveraging and integrating with existing community resources, ensuring that interventions become embedded in the community infrastructure and have continuity beyond initial funding.

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18. Fill-in-the-Blank Question: 

A __________ framework helps community health planners understand how economic, social, cultural, and environmental factors interact to influence the health of a population. Correct ANS: socioecological Rationale: The socioecological framework integrates multiple levels of influence on health, providing a comprehensive model for designing interventions that address both individual behaviors and broader social determinants.

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19. True/False Question: 

True or False: Advocacy in community health often involves influencing public policy, mobilizing community resources, and educating the public to improve health outcomes. Correct ANS:

• A. A shared vision and collaborative approach among diverse stakeholders
• B. Exclusive reliance on federal funding
• C. Top-down directive leadership without community input
• D. Focusing solely on punitive measures against substance abusers Correct ANS: A. A shared vision and collaborative approach among diverse stakeholders Rationale: Successful coalitions are built on mutual trust, shared vision, and collaboration across sectors, which facilitate sustainable community- based strategies to address complex health issues like substance abuse.

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22. Fill-in-the-Blank Question: 

A __________ network in public health refers to coordinated efforts by various organizations working together to improve population health outcomes. Correct ANS: community Rationale: A community network brings together multiple public and private entities to share resources, strategies, and best practices, enhancing the collective impact on population health.

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23. True/False Question: 

True or False: In community health planning, “health in all policies” is an approach that integrates health considerations into policymaking across sectors to improve population health. Correct ANS: True Rationale: The “health in all policies” approach ensures that all governmental and non-health sectors consider health implications in their decision-making processes, which is essential for addressing broad social determinants of health.

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24. Multiple Response Question: Which interventions are effective in addressing social determinants of health at the community level? (Select all that apply)

• A. Developing affordable housing programs
• B. Creating community-based education and job training initiatives
• C. Enhancing access to healthy food options through urban agriculture
• D. Providing free clinical services exclusively without preventive programs
• E. Collaborating with local government for infrastructure improvements Correct ANSs: A, B, C, E Rationale: Interventions that improve housing, education, food access, and infrastructure directly address social determinants in a community. Providing only free clinical services (D) may not address the root causes of health disparities.

27. True/False Question: True or False: Community health improvement plans should be developed with input from a broad range of stakeholders, including residents, local health providers, and policymakers. Correct ANS: True Rationale: Inclusive planning that involves a diverse set of stakeholders helps ensure that community health improvement plans are robust, address real needs, and gain widespread support.

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28. Multiple Response Question: Which data collection methods provide the most comprehensive insights during community health needs assessments? (Select all that apply)

• A. Structured surveys combined with focus group interviews
• B. Review of secondary data sources like public health records
• C. Participation observation in community events
• D. Anecdotal evidence without systematic collection
• E. GIS mapping to identify geographic disparities Correct ANSs: A, B, C, E Rationale: Combining structured surveys, secondary data analysis, participatory observation, and geographic information systems (GIS) mapping yields a

rich, multi-layered understanding of community health needs. Anecdotal evidence (D) is useful but should not be the sole method.

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29. Multiple Choice Question: A community health coalition is evaluating the impact of a newly implemented diabetes prevention program. Which outcome measure is most directly related to assessing the program’s success?

• A. Increased tenure of healthcare staff at local clinics
• B. Decrease in regional diabetes incidence rates
• C. Improved national health rankings
• D. Higher profit margins for local hospitals Correct ANS: B. Decrease in regional diabetes incidence rates Rationale: A reduction in diabetes incidence directly reflects the effectiveness of the prevention program. This outcome is closely tied to the program’s goals and public health impact.

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30. Fill-in-the-Blank Question: A __________ evaluation measures the overall impact of a public health initiative by analyzing changes in health outcomes, community behaviors, and economic benefits. Correct ANS: comprehensive Rationale:

Public health interventions are primarily focused on treating individual illnesses rather than preventing them. ANS: False Rationale: Public health's primary goal is to prevent disease and promote health through organized efforts of society, not just treat individual illnesses. Multiple Response: Which of the following strategies are effective in promoting health literacy within a community? (Select all that apply) a) Using plain language in health education materials b) Offering health information in multiple languages c) Focusing solely on medical jargon in patient education d) Providing visual aids and demonstrations ANS: a, b, d Rationale: Health literacy involves the ability to understand and use health information. Strategies like plain language, multilingual resources, and visual aids improve comprehension. Multiple Choice: Which ethical principle is most relevant when considering the allocation of scarce healthcare resources during a public health crisis? a) Autonomy b) Beneficence c) Justice d) Non-maleficence

ANS: c) Justice Rationale: Justice emphasizes fairness and equitable distribution of resources, which is crucial during a crisis where decisions must be made about who receives care. Fill-in-the-Blank: A community needs assessment is a systematic process of gathering information about a community's health needs, assets, and __. ANS: resources Rationale: Assessing a community involves identifying its needs, strengths, and available resources to inform health programs and interventions. True/False: Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems. ANS: True Rationale: This is the standard definition of epidemiology. Multiple Response: Which of the following are common barriers to accessing mental healthcare services in underserved communities? (Select all that apply) a) Stigma associated with mental illness b) Lack of insurance coverage c) Availability of numerous mental health providers