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Understanding Policy Cycle & Effective Implementation in Epidemiology & Health Policy, Lecture notes of Epidemiology

An overview of health policy, the policy cycle, and the role of various actors and stakeholders in creating and implementing effective health policies. Topics covered include problem definition, agenda setting, policy establishment, implementation, evidence-based public health, cost-effective analysis, risk assessment, hazard identification, and screening. The document also discusses the importance of reliability, validity, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value in screening for diseases.

Typology: Lecture notes

2011/2012

Uploaded on 11/01/2012

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HPER-H 311 Epidemiology Health policy
Health policy impacts the well being of whole populations
Policy: course of action taken by an institution or group
Health policy: policy related to the health of a population
Policy cycle:
1. Find problems: find and identify health issues within a community or population.
2. Set agenda: Health care workers and policy makers within a population work together to form
a plan of action
3. Establish policy: Policy must benefit community without hurting business, or being
unfeasible.
4.Implement policy: hardest part of the process: Must enforce policy successfully.
5. Assess policy effectiveness: can be hard to do because many precautions or exposures could
have similar outcomes
Actors: people involved in making policy. Healthcare workers, scientists, politicians, etc.
Stakeholders: anyone affected by policy
Legitimization: making policies happen. Done through law, awareness campaigns, etc.
Interest group: who benefits generally a whole population of people
Problem definition, formulation, and reformulation: the process of defining the problems
that require policy change
Agenda setting: finding priorities and determining who will deal with them
Policy establishment: formally making a policy reality
Implementation: getting everyone to follow policy
Evidence based public health: policies are backed up by data.
Cost effective analysis: costs vs effectiveness in policy
Risk: likelihood of experiencing health effects
Risk assessment: identifying who is at risk and how great the risk is
Hazard identification: finding hazards and how they apply to human health
Hazard: the ability something has to be harmful
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HPER-H 311 Epidemiology Health policy

Health policy impacts the well being of whole populations

  • Policy: course of action taken by an institution or group
  • Health policy: policy related to the health of a population
  • (^) Policy cycle:
  1. Find problems: find and identify health issues within a community or population.
  2. Set agenda: Health care workers and policy makers within a population work together to form a plan of action
  3. Establish policy: Policy must benefit community without hurting business, or being unfeasible.

4.Implement policy: hardest part of the process: Must enforce policy successfully.

  1. Assess policy effectiveness: can be hard to do because many precautions or exposures could have similar outcomes
    • Actors: people involved in making policy. Healthcare workers, scientists, politicians, etc.
    • (^) Stakeholders: anyone affected by policy
    • Legitimization: making policies happen. Done through law, awareness campaigns, etc.
    • Interest group: who benefits generally a whole population of people
    • (^) Problem definition, formulation, and reformulation: the process of defining the problems that require policy change
    • Agenda setting: finding priorities and determining who will deal with them
    • Policy establishment: formally making a policy reality
    • Implementation: getting everyone to follow policy
    • Evidence based public health: policies are backed up by data.
    • Cost effective analysis: costs vs effectiveness in policy
    • Risk: likelihood of experiencing health effects
    • Risk assessment: identifying who is at risk and how great the risk is
    • Hazard identification: finding hazards and how they apply to human health
      • (^) Hazard: the ability something has to be harmful
  • Dose response assessment: relationship between exposures and effects
    • Exposure assessment: identifies exposed populations and describes how hazard affected population

■ Research can be limiting

  • (^) Risk Characterization: number of health events expected at different periods of time with different exposures.
  • Risk management: actions that control environmental exposures
  • Screening for disease: diagnosing a disease in a population through testing
    • Mass screening: total population is screened
    • Selective screening: those at highest risk are screened
  • Screening Must be: Reliable a test can be reliable but not valid
    • Valid: Be able to pinpoint one cause/exposure
    • Sensitive: correctly identify people w/disease
    • Specificity: only diagnoses one disease
    • (^) Predictive value: proportion of people screened positive with disease
    • Predictive value: probability an individual screened negative doesn’t have disease