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The basic principles of transcription and translation, the chemical structure of RNA, and the types of RNA produced in cells. It also covers transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including the signals required to tell RNA polymerase where to start/stop transcription and the assembly of transcription factors. useful for students studying genetics, molecular biology, or biochemistry.
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Translation: synthesis of a polypeptide, using info in the mRNA.
RNA uses ribose as its sugar and uracil as a base. DNA uses deoxyribose as its sugar and thymine as a base.
Coding strand: non-template strand; equivalent to the RNA product.
RNA Polymerase directs transcription of RNA polymerase: enzyme that unwinds DNA and adds RNA bases individually to the chain using DNA as the template; directs transcription of DNA into RNA. Types of RNA produced in cells ribosomal RNA’s (rRNA’s):Form the core of the ribosome’s structure and catalyze protein synthesis. transfer RNA's Serve as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis.
Transcription in Prokaryotes Signals are Required to Tell RNA Polymerase where to start/stop transcription (Prokaryotes) Bacterial RNA polymerase: binds subunit called sigma factor that binds to promoter of gene; initiates transcription.
Terminator: sequence of DNA recognized by RNA polymerase that cause it to be released from DNA template, thus stopping transcription. Transcription in Eukaryotes RNA Polymerase Binding and Initiation of
**- RNA polymerase I → Transcribes most rRNA genes
Codons: a set of three nucleotides along an mRNA molecule are read by translation machinery in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
- each one correlates to 1 of the 20 amino acids.
Reading frame: dividing of nucleotide sequences into consecutive, non overlapping triplets.
a correct joining between a tRNA and an amino acid, done by the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase a correct match between the tRNA anticodon and an mRNA codon
Specific Enzymes Couple tRNAs to the Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase: joins an amino acid to its appropriate tRNA. 3 binding sites for tRNA in -The P site (Peptidyl-tRNA site) holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain -The A site (Aminoacyl-tRNA site)holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain -The E site (Exit site) is the exit site, where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
The three stages of translation: