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HOSA clinical nursing competition Exam with 150 questions with
verified answers.
What system has greatly increased the number and types of health care settings? - Correct answer Health care system What health care workers help individuals and aggregates (groups) to improve health of the entire community? - Correct answer Community health nurses What is the main difference between home health care nursing and public health care nursing? - Correct answer direct care to patients What major health care involves teaching patients and families to care for themselves so as to promote independent functioning? - Correct answer Home health care What is a major source of home health care funding? - Correct answer Medicare For what do these 4 conditions have to be met for?
- The physician has determined the need for home care
- The patient needs intermitted skilled nursing care or physical or speech-language therapy or continued occupational therapy
- The patient is homebound
- The agency providing the care is Medicare certified - Correct answer Medicare What are the high-technology interventions (the provisions of intravenous therapy and ventilator), hospice services, pediatric care, and mental health care for? - Correct answer Specialty home care services What is the process of restoring an individual to the best possible health and functioning following a physical or mental impairment and the prevention of further disability? - Correct answer Rehabilitation Caring for what type of patient requires the coordinated services of a large number of health care professionals to help patients stay healthy and prevent complications or injuries? - Correct answer Disabled As an effective member of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team, the __________ is a care planner, teacher, caregiver, counselor, coordinator, and advocate - Correct answer Nurse ________ ________ workers must consider the way a disabled individual functions within the family and the patient and family should be involved from the outset in determining the plan of care - Correct answer Health care ___________ in activities of daily living is the best indicator of who will need nursing home placement - Correct answer Dependence What residential care exists in these 4 levels?
- Domiciliary care
- Sheltered housing
- Intermediate care
- Skilled care - Correct answer Modern long-term Care delivered in _____________ residential facility is based on 3 principles:
- Promotion of independence
- Maintenance of function
- Maintenance of autonomy (freedom from external authority to make decisions about one's health and health care) - Correct answer Long-term care What is the cornerstone of the healing process? - Correct answer Nutrition To support and maintain life for fight disease, the body must be supplied with the proper __________ - Correct answer Nutrients What process involves enzymes helping break down food particles to their simplest form so that the nutrients can be absorbed by the body? - Correct answer Digestive What body system regulates neural control and the secretion of hormones? - Correct answer Gastrointestinal Parasympathetic nerves stimulate what? - Correct answer Digestive activity What major organ is normally emptied in 1-4 hours, depending on the amount and kinds of food eaten? - Correct answer Stomach The primary organ of absorption is the _______ _________ - Correct answer Small intestine Fluids, vitamins, and minerals are absorbed through the intestinal ___________ - Correct answer Mucosa The body makes use the energy received through the food that is eaten, and the _________ portion of __________ expenditure occurs during rest to carry out the mechanical activities needed to sustain life processes - Correct answer Largest/energy Although ________ are the body's main source of food energy, ________ are the most concentrated source - Correct answer Carbohydrates/fats Most of the energy needed to move, perform activities, and live is consumed in the form of _________, which are converted primarily to glucose for immediate use by the body's cells - Correct answer Carbohydrates ________ are a major source of energy for muscle tissue, even when glucose is available
- Correct answer Lipids _______ are made of smaller units called amino acids - Correct answer Proteins _________ And _________ are micronutrients; they are needed in small amounts for good health - Correct answer Vitamins/minerals
After a medication reaches its site of action, it becomes ______ into a less active or inactive form - Correct answer Metabolized Most biotransformation occurs in the _______, although the lungs, kidneys, blood, and intestines also play a role - Correct answer Liver Patients (e.g. older adults and those with chronic disease) are at risk for ______ ______ if their organs that metabolize medications do not function correctly - Correct answer Medication toxicity The final aspect of pharmacokinetics is ______, the process of medications exiting the body through the lungs, exocrine glands, bowel, kidneys, and liver - Correct answer Excretion A medication's ______ ______ determines the organ of excretion. For example, gaseous and volatile compounds, such as alcohol and nitrous oxide, exit through the ______ - Correct answer Chemical makeup/lungs In medications that exit through sweat glands, you provide ______ to reduce skin irritation - Correct answer Hygiene You must know if a drug is excreted through the ______, because the administration of laxatives or enemas increases ______, accelerates excretion, and thus lessens the time for drug effects - Correct answer Intestines/peristalsis When patients have reduced ______ function, they are at risk for medication toxicity - Correct answer Renal It is important to know the exact ______ ______ for which a medication is prescribed so you can properly ______ patients about a medication's intended effect and to accurately evaluate the medication's desired effect - Correct answer Therapeutic effect/teach Sometimes a single medication have many therapeutic effects. For example, ______ relieves pain and reduces fever and tissue inflammation - Correct answer Aspirin _______ ______ are predictable and often unavoidable secondary effects produced at a usual therapeutic drug dose - Correct answer Side effects Some antihypertensive medications cause _______ in male patients - Correct answer Impotence If the side effects are serious enough to outweigh the ______ of a medication's therapeutic action, the prescriber will likely ______ the medication - Correct answer Benefits/discontinue Patients commonly ______ taking medications because of side effects such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, and diarrhea - Correct answer stop
______ Drug effects are unintended, undesirable, and often unpredictable - Correct answer Adverse Unfortunately, although ADEs are sometimes immediately apparent, they often take _______ or ______ to develop - Correct answer Weeks/months ______ Recognition and reporting of ADEs will prevent serious injury to patients - Correct answer Prompt ______ ______ develop after prolonged intake of a medication, when a medication accumulates in the blood because of impaired metabolism or excretion, or when too high a dose is given - Correct answer Toxic effects Toxic levels of morphine, an opioid, cause severe ______ ______ and death - Correct answer Respiratory depression Medications often cause unpredictable effects such as an ______ ______, in which a patient ______ or ______ to a medication or has a reaction different from normal - Correct answer Idiosyncratic reaction/overreacts/underreacts Predicting which patients will have an idiosyncratic response is ______ - Correct answer Impossible Ativan, an antianxiety medication, which given to an older adult may cause ______ and ______ - Correct answer Agitation/delirium ______ ______ also are unpredictable responses to a medication - Correct answer Allergic reactions Exposure to an initial dose of a medication causes a patient to become sensitized ______
- Correct answer immunologically The medication acts as a ______, which causes ______ to be produced - Correct answer Antigen/antibodies With repeated ______, the patient develops an allergic response to the drug, its chemical preservatives, or a metabolite - Correct answer Administration Among the different classes of medications, ______ cause a high incidence of allergic reactions - Correct answer Antibiotics ______ is fastest, directly into the blood stream - Correct answer IV ______ is second fastest, injected into muscle then absorbed into the bloodstream - Correct answer IM ______ is third fastest, injected into subcutaneous tissue, then absorbed slower than IM - Correct answer SQ ______ is slowest, swallowed by the patient, then goes through the stomach, then the first pass effect, then absorbed by the digestive tract - Correct answer PO
______ Teaching should include surgical preparation; what to expect in the surgical suite and the PACU; what tubes, dressings, or equipment may be in place after surgery; and how patient participation can promote ______ - Correct answer Preoperative/surgery Before ______, the patient or legal guardian must sign a legal ______ form. - Correct answer Surgery/consent Consent forms from the patient must be obtained ______ preoperative medications are given - Correct answer before After preoperative medications are given the patient should ______ in bed - Correct answer Remain The ______ team consists of nurses who circulate, nurses who scrub, an RFNA, one or more surgeons, an anesthesiologist or a nurse anesthesiologist, and other technical personnel - Correct answer Surgical ______ is an ongoing development process that begins at conception and ends at death - Correct answer Aging ______ is the study of aging - Correct answer Gerontology ______ is the biomedical science of old age and the application of knowledge related to the biologic, biomedical, behavioral, and social aspects of aging to the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care of older people - Correct answer Geriatrics ______ Nursing aims to increase healthy behaviors in the aged, minimize and compensate for health-related losses and impairments of aging, and facilitate the diagnosis, care, and treatment of disease in the aged - Correct answer Erotological Health care providers must recognize myths about the older adult and aging that results in ______ and ______ against older people - Correct answer Stereotyping/discrimination Age-related ______ that contribute to a decreased ability to clear drugs through the ______ and renal system place the older adult at risk for adverse drug effects - Correct answer Changes/liver What is the normal visual activity range for neonates? - Correct answer 20/100 to 20/ What is involuntary rapid eye movements common in neonates called? - Correct answer Nystagmus What is involuntary turning inward of the eyes also common in neonates called? - Correct answer Estonia By ages 2 to 3 most children have a visual acuity of? - Correct answer 20/ At what age is visual acuity 20/20? - Correct answer 7 By what month is the auditory nerve function mature in the infant? - Correct answer 5
What month are alertness to light and visual stimulus 8-12 inches away, can follow an object 60 degrees horizontally and 30 degrees vertically; bling’s at an approaching object milestones for a neonate? - Correct answer 1 What month are they can follow a person or object for 180 degrees from 6 feet away; smiles in response to a face; raises head 30 degrees from prone milestones for a neonate? - Correct answer 2 What month are they can track an object through 180 degrees; regards own hand; begins visual motor coordination milestones for a neonate? - Correct answer 3 What month(s) are social smile; reaches for cube 12 inches away; notices a raisin 12 inches away; stares at own hand milestones for a neonate? - Correct answer 4- What month(s) are reaches and grasps an object; picks up a raisin by raking; transfers objects from hand to hand milestones for a neonate? - Correct answer 7- What month(s) are pokes at holes in a peg board; well-developed pincer grasp; crawls; uncovers toy at seeing it hidden milestones for a neonate? - Correct answer 8- What month(s) are stacks blocks; places a peg in a round hole; stands and walks milestones for a neonate? - Correct answer 12- What is inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that lines the inside of the lid and sclera a symptom of? - Correct answer Conjunctivitis What is conjunctivitis in an infant under 30 days of age which is usually acquired from the mother during vaginal birth a symptom of? - Correct answer ophthalmic neonatorum What kind of measure is given into the newborn's eyes soon after birth? - Correct answer Antibiotics What is a plugged lacrimal duct, treatment involves massaging the tear duct every 4 hours while infant is awake; after 1 year lacrimal ducts that are still plugged may be surgically opened a symptom of? - Correct answer Mimic conjunctivitis What are edema of the eyelid, reddened conjunctiva and enlarged preauricular glands, itching/burning, mild photophobia common complaints in older children symptoms of? - Correct answer Bacterial conjunctivitis Conjunctivitis that is normally unilateral is called? - Correct answer Bacterial conjunctivitis? Viral conjunctivitis usually occurs ______ - Correct answer bilaterally Allergic conjunctivitis is characterized but itching, reddened eyes with watery discharge and the conjunctiva has what type of appearance? - Correct answer Cobblestone What are bacteria and is an uncommon complication of sinusitis symptoms of? - Correct answer per orbital cellulitis
What kind of pain is processed abnormally by the nervous system and results from damage to either the pain pathways in peripheral nerves or pain-processing centers in the brain (ex: phantom limb pain) - Correct answer Neuropathic pain What is a term that describes discomfort that lasts longer than 6 months and is almost totally opposite from those of acute pain - Correct answer chronic pain? What are periods of acute pain for chronic pain sufferers called - Correct answer Breakthrough pain What is the conversion of chemical information in the cellular environment to electrical impulses that move toward the spinal cord - Correct answer Transduction? What are the chemicals that are released by the damaged cells that stimulate specialized pain receptors located in the free nerve endings of peripheral sensory nerves - Correct answer Nociceptors What is the phrase during which peripheral nerve fibers form synapses with neurons in the spinal cord called? The pain impulses move from the spinal cord to sequentially higher levels in the brain. The impulses ascend to the reticular activating system, the limbic system, the thalamus, and finally the cerebral cortex - Correct answer Transmission What refers to the phrase of impulse transmission during which the brain experiences pain at a conscious level but many concomitant neural activities occur almost simultaneously? In addition to perceiving the pain, the brain structures in the pain pathway also help to discriminate the location of the pain, determine its intensity, attach meaningfulness to the event, and provoke emotional responses - Correct answer Perception What is the point at which the pain-transmitting neurochemicals reach the brain, causing conscious awareness? - Correct answer Pain threshold What is a lowered pain threshold that may occur when excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate sensitize the spinal cord to nociceptive input? In other words pain signals become amplified - Correct answer Hyperalgesia What is the amount of pain a person endures once the threshold has been reached? - Correct answer Pain tolerance What is the last phase of pain impulse transmission during which the brain transmits a response down the spinal nerve to the point where the pain transmissions originated to alter the pain experience called? - Correct answer Modulation What is an exaggerated pain response due to increased sensitivity to stimuli such as air current, pressure of clothing, and vibration called? - Correct answer Allodia What refers to the techniques used to prevent, reduce, or relieve pain? - Correct answer Pain management What is an analgesic? - Correct answer Painkiller
