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HORSE CARE TECHNIQUES DISEASES AND BIOSECURITY EXAM
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS!!
Sleeping Sickness - ANSWER -equine encephalitis -3 strains: EEE, WEE, VEE -mosquitos (birds vectors) -mainly effects horses and humans incubation period:5-15 days -EEE 90%fatality, WEE may recover if proper supportive care but retain neurological deficits
Sleeping Sickness Symptoms - ANSWER -fever -lethargy anorexia -neurological symptoms 5 days after exposure: wandering, circling, head-pressing, impaired vision -ataxia, convulsions, death 2-3 days after neuro-symptoms begin -WEE somnolence
West Nile - ANSWER -world-wide distribution -mosquito (birds vectors) -zoonotic -incubation period 5-15 days -30-40% fatality (60-80% if unable to rise)
West Nile Symptoms - ANSWER -fever -anorexia
-ataxia -circling, weakness in hind end, recumbency, inability to stand -partial paralysis (limbs, lips) -teeth grinding -colic
Equine Herpes Virus (EHV) - ANSWER -rhinopneumonitis -9 different strains (primary concern EHV-1 and EHV-4 in US) -EHV-1 has 4 different manifestations (neurological, respiratory, abortion, neonatal death) -EHV-4 is mostly upper respiratory and affects younger horses -direct contact, indirect contact (up to 1 month), airborne (also from aborted fetal tissues --> "abortion storm" -highly contagious -supportive care, isolation for 28 days
Equine Herpes Virus Symptoms - ANSWER -high fever (2 phases) -nasal discharge -lethargy and anorexia -neurological symptoms (incoordination, leaning, head tilting, loss of tail tone, urine dribbling)
Equine Influenza (Flu) - ANSWER -Influenza A-H3N8 is main subtype -highly contagious upper respiratory disease incubation period 1-3 days -spread via airborne pathways and direct/indirect contact -low mortality- most return to work after 3-6 weeks -supportive care, isolation, rest
-no treatment, humane euthanasia
Rabies Symptoms - ANSWER -depression and/or manic behavior -lameness anorexia neurological: head pressing, circling, paralysis, incoordination difficulty urinating persistent erection
Coggins Test - ANSWER -test blood for equine infectious anemia (EIA) aka swamp fever -test once per year -must have negative if traveling over state lines, in public area, or changing ownership -RNA virus so there is no vaccine since it mutates rapidly -if positive must be euthanized or quarantined for life -some may not show symptoms and be carriers of the disease and then spread by flies
Equine Infectious Anemia Symptoms - ANSWER -transient fever -progressive weakness/depression -weight loss -disorientation
Strangles - ANSWER -equine distemper upper respiratory infection -highly contagious, non-symptomatic carries can shed bacteria for years vaccine available (recommended for horses that travel/compete frequently) most recover fully but abscesses can result in permanent cosmetic damage -fatalities that do occur come from secondary infections (bastard strangles)
Strangles Symptoms - ANSWER -fever -nasal discharge thick and purulent -swelling of submandibular lymph nodes
Equine Protozoal Myloencephalomyeltitis (EPM) - ANSWER -carried by possums which contaminate the feed and water -take up in brain and spinal cord from digestive tract -stress could cause it to flare up -symptoms vary widely depending on where protozoa take residence -diagnose using spinal fluid treat with anti-protozoal drugs for variable outcomes
EPM symptoms - ANSWER -loss of coordination/ataxia/paralysis -facial paralysis -head tilting -abnormal sweating -seizures
Potomac Horse Fever - ANSWER -bacteria found primarily in Potomac river area (VA,MD) -bacteria infects snails, moves to water-loving insects, and the larvae is ingested by horses -disease is spreading -bacteria attacks intestine--> colic-like symptoms -50% mortality, 25-30% of survivors have laminitis -vaccine available (annual or biannual) -higher risk for horses located near bodies of water
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) - ANSWER -transmitted through respiratory secretions, indirect contact, shed in semen, and in utero -infected stallions will remain carriers -vaccinate breeding stallions annually -vaccinate mares 3 weeks prior to breeding to a carrier stallion -not typically fatal except young foals
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) Symptoms - ANSWER -depression -anorexia -conjunctivitis -nasal discharge -skin rash -abortion -pneumonia and death in foals
Vaccines - ANSWER -most intramuscular -strangles intranasal
Reduce Exposure - ANSWER -closed herd ideal, not practical -quarantine new horses 10-14 days -isolate sick horses -group horses by production phase
When horses are quarantined/isolated - ANSWER -feed/water/care for sick horses last -use separate equipment -best practice is to use coverall and boot covers
Optimize resistance - ANSWER -good/proper nutrition -good ventilation in barns and during transport -reduce stressors -vaccinate
Reduce Risk - ANSWER -no drinking from group water troughs -no sharing equipment -avoid nose to nose contact -take measures to control insects, rodents, and wildlife
