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A comprehensive overview of key concepts in biochemistry, covering organic compounds, macromolecules, and cellular processes. It defines essential terms like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, explaining their structures, functions, and roles in living organisms. The document also explores important concepts like dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, and enzyme activity, providing a foundation for understanding biochemical reactions and their significance in biological systems.
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Organic compound✔✔Compound that contains carbon bonded to hydrogen and is found in living things
Polymer✔✔Large molecule made up of smaller building blocks or monomers
Carbohydrate✔✔An essential structural component of many cells and source of quick energy; ratio of 2H:1O
Monosaccharide✔✔Building block of carbohydrates; Monomer Simple sugar can be glucose, galactose or fructose Chemical formula is C6H12O
Polysaccharide✔✔Large carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharides; Polymer; ex. starch, glycogen, and cellulose
Glucose✔✔Monosaccharide or simple sugar; Blood sugar; Monomer; Building block for starch, glycogen and cellulose
Starch✔✔Polysaccharide made of glucose molecules; Polymer; Food storage molecule for plants; Turns iodine from orange to black
Glycogen✔✔Polysaccharide made of glucose molecules; Polymer; Used by animals to store carbohydrates in the liver and skeletal muscles
Cellulose✔✔Polysaccharide made of glucose molecules; Polymer; Provides support in plants; Fiber; Can't be digested by humans
Protein✔✔An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids; Principal component of all cell membranes, includes enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin, muscle
Amino acid✔✔Building block or monomer of a protein; 20 occur naturally; Basic structural unit consists of a central carbon with a hydrogen, R-group, amine group and carboxyl group
Polypeptide✔✔Polymer of a protein; Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Hemoglobin✔✔Specialized protein that carries oxygen; Found in red blood cells; Polymer
Enzyme✔✔biological catalyst; Group of proteins speed up chemical reactions by decreasing activation energy; Often ends in "ase"
Activation energy✔✔Energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Catalyst✔✔Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Reactant✔✔Chemical that enter a chemical reaction
Product✔✔Chemical that result from a chemical reaction
Substrate✔✔Reactant that binds to the active site of an enzyme
Active site✔✔Location on an enzyme where the substrate binds
Lipid✔✔Very large organic molecule; Insoluble in water; Used for long term energy storage; Includes fats, oils, steroids and waxes,
Fatty acid✔✔With glycerol, make up the building blocks (monomers) of lipids
Nucleic acid✔✔An organic compound made of one or two chains of nucleotides; No indicator
Nucleotide✔✔Building block or monomer of a nucleic acid; Includes a simple sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)✔✔A double stranded nucleic acid found in all cells; Carries the organism's genetic information
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)✔✔A single-stranded nucleic acid; Interprets the code stored in DNA and allows for the synthesis of proteins
Beta pleated sheets✔✔Accordian-like secondary protein structure that forms as a result of hydrogen bonds between oxygen of one amino acid and hydrogen of another amino acid
Isomers✔✔Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas
Chitin✔✔complex polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi
Covalent bond✔✔A bond between two atoms that is the result of sharing of electrons
Ionic bond✔✔An electrostatic attraction between two atoms that results when atoms completely lose or gain electrons
hydrogen bond✔✔An intermolecular attraction that occurs between two molecules that results when hydrogen is bonded to either nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine and as a result electrons spend more time around the N, O and F and the molecule ends up with a positive pole around the hydrogen and a negative pole around the N, O, and F. As a result molecules are attracted to each other.
Saturated fatty acids✔✔long chains of carbon and hydrogen that have all single bonds around the carbon atoms; contain a carboxyl group at one end; found in triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes and steroids; solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fatty acids✔✔long chains of carbon and hydrogen that have at least one double bond between the carbon atoms; contain a carboxyl group at one end; found in triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes and steroids; liquid at room temperature
Polar molecule✔✔molecule with a positively charged region and negative charged region that results when electrons are not shared equally
Non-polar molecule✔✔molecules that share electrons equally and as a result to not have regions of the molecule that are charged
Disaccharides✔✔two sugars/monosaccharides bonded together by a covalent bond; include lactose, sucrose and maltose
ATP✔✔energy
Valence electrons✔✔electrons found in outermost energy level that are involved in bonding
Hydrolysis✔✔process in which water is added and acts like a knife to break the bond between the monomers; one water is required to break a single bond