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Honors Biology: Biochemistry & Cellular Processes, Exercises of Biochemistry

A comprehensive overview of key concepts in biochemistry, covering organic compounds, macromolecules, and cellular processes. It defines essential terms like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, explaining their structures, functions, and roles in living organisms. The document also explores important concepts like dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, and enzyme activity, providing a foundation for understanding biochemical reactions and their significance in biological systems.

Typology: Exercises

2024/2025

Available from 04/11/2025

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Honors Biology Biochemistry
Organic compound✔✔Compound that contains carbon bonded to hydrogen and is found in
living things
Polymer✔✔Large molecule made up of smaller building blocks or monomers
Carbohydrate✔✔An essential structural component of many cells and source of quick energy;
ratio of 2H:1O
Monosaccharide✔✔Building block of carbohydrates; Monomer
Simple sugar can be glucose, galactose or fructose
Chemical formula is C6H12O6
Polysaccharide✔✔Large carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharides; Polymer;
ex. starch, glycogen, and cellulose
Glucose✔✔Monosaccharide or simple sugar;
Blood sugar; Monomer;
Building block for starch, glycogen and cellulose
Starch✔✔Polysaccharide made of glucose molecules; Polymer; Food storage molecule for
plants;
Turns iodine from orange to black
Glycogen✔✔Polysaccharide made of glucose molecules;
Polymer;
Used by animals to store carbohydrates in the liver and skeletal muscles
Cellulose✔✔Polysaccharide made of glucose molecules;
Polymer; Provides support in plants;
Fiber; Can't be digested by humans
Protein✔✔An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids;
Principal component of all cell membranes, includes enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin, muscle
Amino acid✔✔Building block or monomer of a protein;
20 occur naturally;
Basic structural unit consists of a central carbon with a hydrogen, R-group, amine group and
carboxyl group
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Honors Biology Biochemistry

Organic compound✔✔Compound that contains carbon bonded to hydrogen and is found in living things

Polymer✔✔Large molecule made up of smaller building blocks or monomers

Carbohydrate✔✔An essential structural component of many cells and source of quick energy; ratio of 2H:1O

Monosaccharide✔✔Building block of carbohydrates; Monomer Simple sugar can be glucose, galactose or fructose Chemical formula is C6H12O

Polysaccharide✔✔Large carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharides; Polymer; ex. starch, glycogen, and cellulose

Glucose✔✔Monosaccharide or simple sugar; Blood sugar; Monomer; Building block for starch, glycogen and cellulose

Starch✔✔Polysaccharide made of glucose molecules; Polymer; Food storage molecule for plants; Turns iodine from orange to black

Glycogen✔✔Polysaccharide made of glucose molecules; Polymer; Used by animals to store carbohydrates in the liver and skeletal muscles

Cellulose✔✔Polysaccharide made of glucose molecules; Polymer; Provides support in plants; Fiber; Can't be digested by humans

Protein✔✔An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids; Principal component of all cell membranes, includes enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin, muscle

Amino acid✔✔Building block or monomer of a protein; 20 occur naturally; Basic structural unit consists of a central carbon with a hydrogen, R-group, amine group and carboxyl group

Polypeptide✔✔Polymer of a protein; Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Hemoglobin✔✔Specialized protein that carries oxygen; Found in red blood cells; Polymer

Enzyme✔✔biological catalyst; Group of proteins speed up chemical reactions by decreasing activation energy; Often ends in "ase"

Activation energy✔✔Energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Catalyst✔✔Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Reactant✔✔Chemical that enter a chemical reaction

Product✔✔Chemical that result from a chemical reaction

Substrate✔✔Reactant that binds to the active site of an enzyme

Active site✔✔Location on an enzyme where the substrate binds

Lipid✔✔Very large organic molecule; Insoluble in water; Used for long term energy storage; Includes fats, oils, steroids and waxes,

Fatty acid✔✔With glycerol, make up the building blocks (monomers) of lipids

Nucleic acid✔✔An organic compound made of one or two chains of nucleotides; No indicator

Nucleotide✔✔Building block or monomer of a nucleic acid; Includes a simple sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)✔✔A double stranded nucleic acid found in all cells; Carries the organism's genetic information

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)✔✔A single-stranded nucleic acid; Interprets the code stored in DNA and allows for the synthesis of proteins

Beta pleated sheets✔✔Accordian-like secondary protein structure that forms as a result of hydrogen bonds between oxygen of one amino acid and hydrogen of another amino acid

Isomers✔✔Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas

Chitin✔✔complex polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi

Covalent bond✔✔A bond between two atoms that is the result of sharing of electrons

Ionic bond✔✔An electrostatic attraction between two atoms that results when atoms completely lose or gain electrons

hydrogen bond✔✔An intermolecular attraction that occurs between two molecules that results when hydrogen is bonded to either nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine and as a result electrons spend more time around the N, O and F and the molecule ends up with a positive pole around the hydrogen and a negative pole around the N, O, and F. As a result molecules are attracted to each other.

Saturated fatty acids✔✔long chains of carbon and hydrogen that have all single bonds around the carbon atoms; contain a carboxyl group at one end; found in triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes and steroids; solid at room temperature

Unsaturated fatty acids✔✔long chains of carbon and hydrogen that have at least one double bond between the carbon atoms; contain a carboxyl group at one end; found in triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes and steroids; liquid at room temperature

Polar molecule✔✔molecule with a positively charged region and negative charged region that results when electrons are not shared equally

Non-polar molecule✔✔molecules that share electrons equally and as a result to not have regions of the molecule that are charged

Disaccharides✔✔two sugars/monosaccharides bonded together by a covalent bond; include lactose, sucrose and maltose

ATP✔✔energy

Valence electrons✔✔electrons found in outermost energy level that are involved in bonding

Hydrolysis✔✔process in which water is added and acts like a knife to break the bond between the monomers; one water is required to break a single bond