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Honors Biology Biochemistry
Organic compound✔✔Compound that contains carbon bonded to hydrogen and is found in living things
Polymer✔✔Large molecule made up of smaller building blocks or monomers
Carbohydrate✔✔An essential structural component of many cells and source of quick energy; ratio of 2H:1O
Monosaccharide✔✔Building block of carbohydrates; Monomer Simple sugar can be glucose, galactose or fructose Chemical formula is C6H12O
Polysaccharide✔✔Large carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharides; Polymer; ex. starch, glycogen, and cellulose
Glucose✔✔Monosaccharide or simple sugar; Blood sugar; Monomer; Building block for starch, glycogen and cellulose
Starch✔✔Polysaccharide made of glucose molecules; Polymer; Food storage molecule for plants; Turns iodine from orange to black
Glycogen✔✔Polysaccharide made of glucose molecules; Polymer; Used by animals to store carbohydrates in the liver and skeletal muscles
Cellulose✔✔Polysaccharide made of glucose molecules; Polymer; Provides support in plants; Fiber; Can't be digested by humans
Protein✔✔An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids; Principal component of all cell membranes, includes enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin, muscle
Amino acid✔✔Building block or monomer of a protein; 20 occur naturally; Basic structural unit consists of a central carbon with a hydrogen, R-group, amine group and carboxyl group
Polypeptide✔✔Polymer of a protein; Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Hemoglobin✔✔Specialized protein that carries oxygen; Found in red blood cells; Polymer
Enzyme✔✔biological catalyst; Group of proteins speed up chemical reactions by decreasing activation energy; Often ends in "ase"
Activation energy✔✔Energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Catalyst✔✔Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Reactant✔✔Chemical that enter a chemical reaction
Product✔✔Chemical that result from a chemical reaction
Substrate✔✔Reactant that binds to the active site of an enzyme
Active site✔✔Location on an enzyme where the substrate binds
Lipid✔✔Very large organic molecule; Insoluble in water; Used for long term energy storage; Includes fats, oils, steroids and waxes,
Fatty acid✔✔With glycerol, make up the building blocks (monomers) of lipids
Nucleic acid✔✔An organic compound made of one or two chains of nucleotides; No indicator
Nucleotide✔✔Building block or monomer of a nucleic acid; Includes a simple sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)✔✔A double stranded nucleic acid found in all cells; Carries the organism's genetic information
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)✔✔A single-stranded nucleic acid; Interprets the code stored in DNA and allows for the synthesis of proteins
Beta pleated sheets✔✔Accordian-like secondary protein structure that forms as a result of hydrogen bonds between oxygen of one amino acid and hydrogen of another amino acid
Isomers✔✔Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas
Chitin✔✔complex polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi
Covalent bond✔✔A bond between two atoms that is the result of sharing of electrons
Ionic bond✔✔An electrostatic attraction between two atoms that results when atoms completely lose or gain electrons
hydrogen bond✔✔An intermolecular attraction that occurs between two molecules that results when hydrogen is bonded to either nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine and as a result electrons spend more time around the N, O and F and the molecule ends up with a positive pole around the hydrogen and a negative pole around the N, O, and F. As a result molecules are attracted to each other.
Saturated fatty acids✔✔long chains of carbon and hydrogen that have all single bonds around the carbon atoms; contain a carboxyl group at one end; found in triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes and steroids; solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fatty acids✔✔long chains of carbon and hydrogen that have at least one double bond between the carbon atoms; contain a carboxyl group at one end; found in triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes and steroids; liquid at room temperature
Polar molecule✔✔molecule with a positively charged region and negative charged region that results when electrons are not shared equally
Non-polar molecule✔✔molecules that share electrons equally and as a result to not have regions of the molecule that are charged
Disaccharides✔✔two sugars/monosaccharides bonded together by a covalent bond; include lactose, sucrose and maltose
ATP✔✔energy
Valence electrons✔✔electrons found in outermost energy level that are involved in bonding
Hydrolysis✔✔process in which water is added and acts like a knife to break the bond between the monomers; one water is required to break a single bond
