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Pierre Laussat
-French official who controlled Louisiana for one month -at first did not believe the french were turning the colony over to the Americans. -He abolished the cabildo and other spanish controls over the colony. -Created Fire Department and Police commission and Set up a new local militia -remained in New Orleans well beyond the transfer, hoping that the transfer might be reversed.- TERM 2
Territory of Orleans
DEFINITION 2
-an organized incorporated territory of the United States that
existed from October 1, 1804, until April 30, 1812, when it
was admitted to the Union as the State of Louisiana. -
[present-day state of Louisiana (minus West Florida)]-
TERM 3
Williams Charles Claiborne
DEFINITION 3
-28 years old -had been rather undistinguished governor of
the mississippi territory -Protestant and non-French speaker -
best known as the first govenor of louisiana-
TERM 4
Common Law
DEFINITION 4
-US followed a Common Law system in which a series of
court cases set forth legal principles or precedents. - custom
and usage and case law are important in the Common Law
system. - Judicial court interpretation of the law is essentia
So, as usage changes, laws change, too.-
TERM 5
Civil Law
DEFINITION 5 -Civil law, as opposed to criminal law, is the branch of law dealing with disputes between individuals and organizations, in which compensation may be awarded to the victim. -French Civil Law: Woman does not lose her identity. At death of husband, wife owns 1/2 of property. But when husband is alive, he controlled all of the property even though he only owned half.-
Domestic Slade Trade
-The US embraced slavery; a slave code adopted in 1806 differed in key ways from the Spanish Code Noir. The US was set to abolish the slave trade as of 1808; no new slaves were to be imported from overseas; the smuggling of slaves allowed for many new enslaved humans to be brought into the US. New Orleans residents saw their economic fortunes take off during the period following the closure of the international slave trade. The city became the nations center of the domestic slave trade. - TERM 7
1806 Slave Code
DEFINITION 7 -Slaves no longer own or inherit anything of value -Slaves lost the right to complain about ill-treatment -FPC now warned not to insult white people or to act as if FPC were the social equals of whites; for the first time, FPC required to treat whites with deference. - Slaves accused of crimes were to be tried in separate courts that did not include safeguards.- TERM 8
Aaron Burr
DEFINITION 8
-Vice-President for Jefferson, had disgraced himself after he
shot Alexander Hamilton in their famous duel. -ends up in
Louisiana, and aplan was hatched to invade New Orleans and
detach the Western US from the US and form a new country;
caused panic; No real outcome to this plot; was arrested by
Wilkinson and tried and acquitted for treason. -
TERM 9
West Florida Rebellion
DEFINITION 9 Still being governed by Spain, and Americans in West Florida wished to become part of the US. They were jealous of the Territory of Orleans progress toward statehood. Americans living there during the American Revolution had been part of the British empire. In 1810, the Americans living in West Florida circulated a petition to form a Spanish territory.- TERM 10
Fur Trade
DEFINITION 10 -1763 proclamation allowed britian to acquire the fur trade from france as part of the deal giving canada to the british -lucrative fur trade once controlled by france now in british control -protecton of native americans living in nw territory from us would ensure the continuation of the fur trade-lost fur trade profits big part of the reason for the british efforts to egain the territory or encourage the indians to attacks the encroaching americans.-
Heavy Infantry
refers to heavily armed and armoured ground troops, as opposed to medium or light infantry,which the warriors are relatively lightly-armoured. -Older model of fighting; shoulder to shoulder; closely packed; bayonet fighting; trained not to flinch,-sometimes called stupid courage,controlled through system of bugles/whistles.-British troops still heavy infantry- TERM 17
Treaty Of Ghent
DEFINITION 17
-was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between
the United States of America and the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland. Obviously, nobody in North
America knew this. - finalized in Europe-
TERM 18
jean and Pierre Lafitte
DEFINITION 18 -The Baratarian pirates considered a potential problem;had weapons and knowledge of the inland and coastal waters;well- connected to the merchants of New Orleans; after raiding Spanish ships off the coast of Florida,would bring the stolen goods to New Orleans;smuggled slaves into the Louisiana territory;-had many clashes with US authorities;and the British attemptted to recruit the pirates to fight on their side.- TERM 19
Packenham
DEFINITION 19 -Packenham and Thornton were supposed to attack simultaneously. Packenhams Engineering regiment in the front lines supposed to put up scaling ladders in order to climb over the American defenses, but the ladders were forgotten.the first troops do nothing but kneel and fire at the Americans. mass suicide since the American sharpshooters picked them off.- TERM 20
1812 Constitution
DEFINITION 20
-[unchanged from 1812 until 1845]Etienne Mazereau and
Louis Lislet;Developed 5 key points to allow French to retain
control:Representation in legislature; Requirements for
voting and officeholding ;Selection of governor;definition of
governors powers;5. amendment procedure for constitution-
New Orleans 3 political periods
1. Territorial Politics, 1803-12;No important electoral politics;
Mayor of city and most other political offices were appointed;
only the Council was elected;Genteel Politics, 1812-28 War of
1812 to Andrew Jacksons election; National Politics, 1828-
1812 statehood brought New Orleans city charter.
Framework for local government.-
TERM 22
Nicholas Girod
DEFINITION 22
-was the fifth mayor of New Orleans in 1812 -Girod was a 65-
year-old Creole who had come to New Orleans during the
Spanish period. A businessman and member of the economic
elite, he along with other Creoles now assumed leadership in
political affairs. -No formal nomination process - resigned in
TERM 23
1828 Mayoral Campaign
DEFINITION 23
-Federalist Party leaders nominate Peychaud Democratic
Party nominate Dennis Prieur;winner;the Democratic party
wanted to punish the Federalists so refused to give Harper
the seat he had won in the council election.US Supreme
Court backs up the Democrats, and Harper was never able to
occupy his seat on the council. -
TERM 24
New City Charter of 1836
DEFINITION 24
Restructured all of N.O. politics;Ethnic tension between
Americans and the Creoles led to this first charter change.
The French-speaking Creoles still controlled the city, but
Americans power was growing. -area sought more city
services,.the Creoles did not want the American Sector to
prosper,were hardly any paved roads above Canal Street.-
TERM 25
Henry Shreve
DEFINITION 25 -Henry Shreve took Fulton and Livingston to court and won right to free trade with steamboats; this led to rapid development of steamboat trade. Shreve invented the Snagboat, which clears the waterways and allows shallow rivers to open up to tradesuch as the Red River which allowed Shreveport to develop. New Orleans could now trade with hinterlands.
Placage
-system was a close relative of the so-called fancy girls in the slave trade;i t involved Free Creole Women of Color acquiesing to the idea of offering their daughters to engage in long-term sexual relationships with White Creole men;introduced at Quadroon Balls;one of the most powerful clubs that the Americans and other outside commentators used to beat-up the white Creole elites for their sexual and moral degeneracy.- TERM 32
irish
Immigration
DEFINITION 32
-Irish had settled throughout the city. -Irish immigrans taking
over the homes abandoned by Americans who were moving
to new uptown suburbs - the New Orleans Irish develop
strong ethnic consciousness.
TERM 33
German
Immigration
DEFINITION 33
-3 waves; 1.1816-17 most ecoNomic refugees 2.1840-
most ecoNomic refugees, but some political elites fleeing
1848 pol. Rev. in Germany 3.1864-90: Largest wave-political
and economic refugees-Most settled downtown but some
uptown;Germans did Not face nearly as much prejudice as
did the Irish.-
TERM 34
1845 Constitution
DEFINITION 34
-Americans and immigrants have enough status to overthrow
the Creole constitution,-The new constitution stated:No
property qualifications for voting or office-holding Elections
held in a single dayPowers of governor trimmedespecially the
number of appointeesNow elected instead
TERM 35
1852 Constitution
DEFINITION 35
-Builds upon the 45 constitution1.Even more elected offices
2.New: public funds for public improvements3.City Charter
for New OrleansReaction against the 3-part division into
semi-autonomous municipalities-Americans want one
government under their control-
Spanish Riot
-1851 Cuba is target, and the goal is to make Cuba a slave
state of the US;Most members of expedition captured and
executed. NO had supported this move heartily, so there is
rioting against Spanish residents of NO-Riot continued
without effective police intervention. Fear of future problems
such as this convinced the voters to reunite the city.-
TERM 37
Elections of 1850s
DEFINITION 37
-1854 election: John Lewis, Democrat, is winner, but
reformers now run the City Council, so there is a split
government in the 1850;1856 election: big issue is this anti-
immigrant sentiment -Election of T.C. Waterman=Know
Nothing Nominee absorbed what was left of Whigs and
Reformers -Know-Nothing Riot of 1858; Immigrant issue;
crime issue
TERM 38
know nothing riot of 1858
DEFINITION 38 -Immigrant issue; crime issue March 1858some citizens formed Vigilance Committee of NO;Modeled on one founded in San Francisco, which had experienced local citizens rioting and hanging criminals.In New Orleans, about 1000 members, and the organization was kept secret until 5 days before electionthey wanted to have the element of surprise thinking this would help to lead to a peaceful election.Stith and the Know Nothings end up winning.- TERM 39
Mystick Krewe of Comus
DEFINITION 39 -The Mistick Krewe of Comus (founded in 1856) is a New Orleans, Louisiana Carnival krewe.-1857: and the Pickwick Club formed- Mardi Gras as we know it today starting to form. Interestingly, while the anti-Catholic Know-Nothings came from American uptown-Mardi Gras picked up by these uptown Americans.Thus, there is some Creolization of the Americans. Some common ground after all.- TERM 40
Battle of Liberty Place
DEFINITION 40 -By 1870s, all whites united in Democratic party; symbolic of thismany white new Orleanians years later claimed to have been there-1874; Resistance continues. 600 Metropolitans and 600 black reinforcements sent to the dock.- by Stuart Landry ; It was the effort of freedom-loving Americans to throw off the shackles of a dictatorship of sordid politicians- illegally elected and holding office with the aid of Federal bayonets-
reconstruction Acts of 1867
-US Congress passed these in response to white Southern violence;Louisiana is part of the 5th Military District ; General Sheridan in charge, and appointed Republican Edward Heath as temporary mayor;Federal Registrars ensured fairness as white and black voters were registered;Called for a new constitutional convention that would include acceptance of13th and 14th ammendment- TERM 47
metropolitan Police Force
DEFINITION 47
-was created by Warmoth in legislation. New Orleans Police
Department created by Democrats;Large police force
created to patrol Orleans, Jefferson, and St. Bernard parishes
and keep the Democrats of N.O. in control;Black and white
officers;Recruited among black citizens; Become the military
arm of the Republican party;-
TERM 48
Constitutional Convention 1864
DEFINITION 48
Delegates from Southern Louisiana only;Created a new state
constitution that was NEVER accepted by the US
Congress;calledfor: Abolition of slavery;Free public school
system without any racial discrimination;Political Rights-
TERM 49
White League
DEFINITION 49
-Democratic white supremacists that had grown out of a local
Democratic club confronted the Republican forces at the
dock and at the foot of Canal Street, in front of the Customs
House. Casualties:White Leaguers killed 11 Metropolitans
and wounded 60; Metropolitans killed 20 and wounded 19;
prevailed in series of battles.
TERM 50
James Buchanan Eads
DEFINITION 50 -Engineer;Very intelligent, Eads was a self-taught man who studied and worked on the river;He went into the salvage business and designed a salvage vessel using Henry Shreves design for snag;he ended up retiring at 37 years old a very rich man (1857);During the Civil War,helped the Union build iron-clad war ships and had built 25 ships for the union.-
Board of Liquidation of City Debt
-1880;purpose was to eliminate Civil War debts;With the idea that reducing city debt would lead to the growth of the city, the goal was to gather taxes and pay off the city bondholders.This powerful board is unique to New Orleans, and it exists to this day.The Board became the depository for all city revenue. -By the 1920s, the Board of Liquidation was using more than 40% of all city tax revenue to pay off bonds- TERM 52
Citizen's League
DEFINITION 52
-1896; Walter Flower, backed by the same uptown elites but
in a different organization; accomplishment was the
Sewerage and Water Boardacknowledging the need for civic
improvements in 1898. The outdated method of trapping rain
water for household use in cisterns now being replaced on a
massive scale.-
TERM 53
Citizen's Committee
DEFINITION 53 -In 1890, a new state law had required segregated seating for all intra-state passenger railroads; In a test case initiated by the Citizens Committee in 1892, shoe maker Homer Plessy deliberately purchased a seat in the first class or whites-only car and took his seat before informing the conductor that he was, according to state law, an African-American.- TERM 54
Cotton
Exchange
DEFINITION 54 -Exchanges Created in 1880s;1871:first exchange. By the 1880s, cotton futures were handled there;Uniform rules and grades of cotton established;Grades for different qualities of cotton: good, fair, poor, etc.;Businessmen could consult reliable information;Henry Hester, Supervisor of Cotton ExchangeFrom 1871-1933;led to exchanging of sugar, lumber, Mexican Trade.Business community now much more organized- TERM 55
Board Of Trade
DEFINITION 55
-1889;Becomes the voice of the business community and a
lobbying rganization;Lobbies to have the Navy shipyard
located in the city;The Board of Trade advocates the public
ownership of NO wharves instead of private companies
leasing the wharves-
Hennessy Affair
-almost leads to war with Italy;Chief of Police David Hennessy was found bleeding to death from gunshot wounds in 1890, he is reported that Italian immigrants had done it;supported the Provenzano family, which led many to suspect that immigrants with ties to the other family had committed the crime;mob of generally New Orleanians stormed the old parish prison and lynched the prisoners resulting international outrage led to a diplomatic crisis with Italy- TERM 62
Kate and Jean Gordon
DEFINITION 62
-1897 through the 1930s, sisters worked to improve the
living conditions in New Orleans by;Modern sewerage and
Drainage system;Anti-Tuberculosis League; Active in
Movement to Prevent Cruelty to Animals; Womens
Suffrage;Won the right for women to attend Tulane Medical
School-
TERM 63
1892 General Strike
DEFINITION 63 -3 days that shook New orleans; In November 1892, about 20, Black and white workers,both unionized and those who sought to organize unions, participated in a peaceful 3-day strike;threat of violence caused organizers bring to end; best known for one of the five leaders of the General Strike Committee was an African- American union president ;first instanceStrike was directed by a bi- racial committee. - TERM 64
Ward leader
DEFINITION 64
-Ward Heeler or Ward Boss;The person charged with
complete control of political activity within his ward;selected
his own election precinct leader;Approved all patronage;Main
duty: getting out the vote for Ring candidates;Before
elections, the Ward Leader had to make sure his voters had
all paid their poll tax and were aware of whom to vote for-
TERM 65
Precinct Leader
DEFINITION 65
-leader of precint clubs;Most precinct leaders held some
minor city or parish job; either low-level government job
would allow a good deal of time to work for the organizations
candidates;A successful precinct leader had to retain a great
deal of knowledge about individual voters and their familys
circumstances.-
Louisiana Lottery Company
-Legal gambling;become a corrupt monopoly that brought in funds from throughout the world;made contributions to the Democratic party, which protected the business.made between 20 and 30 million dollars per year.Less than 50% went to prizes, and the company paid no taxes.The Lottery Companys donations to charities and towns and cities made it a friend of the people.- TERM 67
John Fitzpatrick
DEFINITION 67 -An orphan from working class background, worked as a newsboy and carpenter; upon joining the union, began to embark upon his political career;he started to earn his living as a politician;became Commissioner of Public Improvements then assumed the position of 3rd Ward boss;controlled the patronage for residents of this largely Irish neighborhood;he supported the strikersof the 1892 General Strike. - TERM 68
Sewerge and Water Board
DEFINITION 68
-1899; Drainage started in 1908 allowed for the settlement of
Mid City and other areas in the city limits that had long been
too swampy for development;$27,500,000 was spent in early
1900s dollars to fund this massive public works project;
Originally calling for 100 miles of canals, there are many
more than that today. -
TERM 69
George Washington Cable
DEFINITION 69 -Local author who made a splash on the national literary scene following the Civil War as one of the many local color writers who attempted to record as much as possible of the speech and culture peculiar to regions of the nation seen as threatened in an era of rapid industrialization;work also touched upon examples of racial intermixing between the French descendants and African- Americans,-
