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Industrial Revolution
1750-1850. Freed human society from the limits of the biological old regime by using coal to produce heat and then using that to fuel steam-powered machines. Many consequences followed this: death by machinery, child labor, and pollution in the air. TERM 2
C18 China
DEFINITION 2 Rapid population growth, peripheral regions - import substitution (especially in the cotton industry) which made local markets desired and prosperity slowed down. Restrictive foreign trade due to the Guangzhou system. Autocratic government - not open to trade - entrenched bureaucracy. TERM 3
Opium
DEFINITION 3 In 1773 the British expanded their opium economy into China where opium smoking was prohibited. But people got addicted to it and Lin (Chinese commissioner) worked hard tobarricade the British out after the death of his son - causing a war. TERM 4
Green Revolution
DEFINITION 4 The combination of synthetic fertilizer with irrigation and the development of new high-yielding seeds in the 1960s in order to improve agriculture to increase food supply. This would keep a third world country agricultural and poor because of population increases and the relative price weakness of agricultural products. TERM 5
El Nino Famines
DEFINITION 5 Southern oscillation - randomly occurring pattern of climate events, associated with the warming of the Pacific Ocean. 50 million people died. Famine camps were established in India - one pound of rice per day of work, building railways & canals. South East Asia & North West Africa = droughts. North America = Rainy.
Industrialization and the
Environment
Mining - destroys soil, local ecosystems, toxins into soil/waters, produces slag heaps, smog and & killer fog all causing death to millions. TERM 7
Nationalism
DEFINITION 7 Developed in the 19th century but became a global force in the 20th century. European Nationalism was a conservative force that emphasized cultural, linguistic, and religious commonalities to address conflicts that came with industrialization. Asia and Africa = anti-imperialist content fueling socially revolutionary movements. TERM 8
Adoption of Fossil Fuels
DEFINITION 8 Coal (Britain, France, Germany) oil (US, Russia) natural gas (Holland). Industrial Revolution expanded these sources of energy. They have increased energy output and mobility regarding machines like cars and planes. Gave rise to technologies & political interests. Distributed unevenly in the world causing differences in wealth and poverty. Rapid development of China and India and their high consumptions lead to competition and conflict between China, India, the US, and Japan. TERM 9
EIC
DEFINITION 9 Private trading company. Given monopoly rights to trade with Asia. Concentrated trade in India because the English thought competitors were few until the French built forts nearby which lead to the Seven Years war. TERM 10
Guangzhou/Canton System
DEFINITION 10 Established by China in order to restrict foreign trade, especially conducted by the British. The British were sailing up and down the Chinese coast, trying to find cheaper sources of tea. 1760.
The Car
Prior to WWI, Henry Ford produced an assembly line for cars. In the 1940s, the demand for cars soared but then slackened once everyone had one. As a result, Ford made his cars obsolete in the 50s by changing its styles. TERM 17
Stages of Industrial Development
DEFINITION 17 Britain made itself the most powerful nation in the world. By 1830 it had a virtual monopoly in production of iron, steam engines, and textiles allowing to encompass India and Asia. Lifted tariffs on food importation to expand. Then used "free trade." TERM 18
Cotton
DEFINITION 18 Large cotton textile industry in manchester - imported raw cotton from Britain's colonies in the Americas and Caribbean. In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin for easier supply. In the 1800s, it became India's possession causing it's textile industry to decline also causing deindustrialization. TERM 19
Consumerist VS productionist models
DEFINITION 19 Consumerism was big in the US. Large demand for consumption due to populations producing consumer goods like houses and cars. The Soviet Union believed in productionism, working to sell goods and not use them. TERM 20
First/Third world gap
DEFINITION 20 Causes: the disruption of the Chinese economy - forced opening to western influences cause the opium war = disadvantage. Deindustrialization of India - took out a major player in world economic productivity. Developing industrial economies in first world countries (France, Germany, Russia, Japan, United States).
