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HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology exam review questions with verified answers 2025. QS What is histology? - n Ans✔ The study of tissues Qs What is a tissue? - n Ans✔ A group of cells that act together to perform a specific function. Qs What are the fundamental tissues? - n Ans✔ Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve (Elephants Can Make News) Qs What is the function of epithelial cells? - n Ans✔ Cover, line, and protect the body and the internal organs. Qs What is the function of connective tissue? - n Ans✔ Framework of the body. Provides support and structure to organs. Qs What is neuroglia? - n Ans✔ The neurons and connective tissue cells that compose nerve tissue. Qs What ability does muscle tissue have? - n Ans✔ Ability to contract and shorten.
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What is histology? - n Ans✔ The study of tissues Qs What is a tissue? - n Ans✔ A group of cells that act together to perform a specific function. Qs What are the fundamental tissues? - n Ans✔ Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve (Elephants Can Make News) Qs What is the function of epithelial cells? - n Ans✔
Cover, line, and protect the body and the internal organs. Qs What is the function of connective tissue? - n Ans✔ Framework of the body. Provides support and structure to organs. Qs What is neuroglia? - n Ans✔ The neurons and connective tissue cells that compose nerve tissue. Qs What ability does muscle tissue have? - n Ans✔ Ability to contract and shorten. Qs What is muscle tissue classified as? - n Ans✔ Voluntary(skeletal muscles) and involuntary(smooth & cardiac) Qs What is meiosis? - n Ans✔ The cell division that takes place in the gonads, i.e. the ovaries and testes.
Ans✔ Radiation from the Sun Qs What is the dermis composed of? - n Ans✔ Fibrous connective tissue with nerve endings, blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands. Qs What are the 2 types of sweat glands? - n Ans✔ ecrine & apocrine Qs What do ecrine sweat glands produce? - n Ans✔ Sweat. Regulate body temperature. Qs What do apocrine sweat glands produce? - n Ans✔ Secretions contain bits of cytoplasm from cells, attracting bacteria that produces body odor. Qs What do sebaceous glands secrete? - n
Ans✔ They secrete sebum through the hair follicles, which lubricates the skin and prevents drying. Qs What secretion produces oil? - n Ans✔ Holocrine secretion. Qs What are sebaceous glands prone to during adolescence? - n Ans✔ Becoming clogged and attracting bacteria. Qs What protein composes the hair and skin? - n Ans✔ Keratin Qs What makes the body's framework? - n Ans✔ Bone, cartilage, ligaments & joints. Qs What are the functions of the skeletal system? - n Ans✔
28 bones of the skull. 14-facial, 14-cranium. Qs How many bones make the facial skeleton? - n Ans✔ 2 nasal bones 2 maxillary bones 2 zygomatic bones 1 mandible 2 palatine bones 1 vomer 2 lacrimal bones 2 inferior nasal bones Qs What are the bones of the cranium? - n Ans✔ single occipital frontal ethmoid sphenoid paired parietal temporal ossicles Qs What bone structures are in the ossicles (ears)? - n
Ans✔ malleus, incus, stapes Qs How many bones make the skeletal column? - n Ans✔ 33 bones Qs How many cervical vertebrae in the skeletal column? - n Ans✔ 7 Qs How many thoracic vertebrae in the skeletal column? - n Ans✔ 12 Qs How many lumbar vertebrae? - n Ans✔ 5 Qs How many sacral vertebrae? - n Ans✔ 5
What are the bones of the arm? - n Ans✔ Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals (wrist bones) Metacarpals (hand bones) phalanges (finger bones) Qs What bones make the lower part of the appendicular skeleton? - n Ans✔ The pelvic girdle or os coxae Qs What bones make the os coxae? - n Ans✔ fused ilium ischium pubis Qs What bones make up the lower extremities? - n Ans✔ femur tibia fibula
tarsals (ankle bones) metatarsals (foot bones) phalanges (toe bones) Qs How do muscles make movement? - n Ans✔ Contraction in response to nervous stimulation. Qs What occurs in muscle fibers during contraction? - n Ans✔ Myosin & actin filaments slide together. Qs What structures make up muscle cells? - n Ans✔ Myofibrils made up of sarcomeres. Qs What must be present for a muscle cell to contract? - n Ans✔ Calcium and ATP Qs What does nervous stimulation from motor neurons cause in the muscles? - n Ans✔
Qs What are synergists? - n Ans✔ Muscles that work together with the prime mover. Qs How are muscles classified? - n Ans✔ According to the movements they elicit Qs What are the two classifications of muscles? - n Ans✔ Flexors and extensors. Qs What is the function of flexors? - n Ans✔ Reduce the angle at the joint. Qs What is the function of extensors? - n Ans✔ Increase the angle at the joint. Qs
What is the function of an abductor muscle? - n Ans✔ Draw a limb away from the midline of the body. Qs What is the function of adductors? - n Ans✔ Return the limb back toward the body. Qs What makes up the nervous system? - n Ans✔ The brain, spinal cord & nerves. Qs What are the functional units of the nervous system? - n Ans✔ The neuron. Qs What are the main parts of the neuron? - n Ans✔ Cell body Axon Dendrites Qs
Ans✔ Transmit nerve impulses away from the CNS toward the effector organs such as muscles, glands, and digestive organs. Qs What are the 3 major parts of the brain? - n Ans✔ Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla Oblongata Qs What is the function of the cerebrum? - n Ans✔ Movement & sensory input. Qs What is the function of the cerebellum? - n Ans✔ Muscular coordination. Qs What is the function of the medulla oblongata? - n Ans✔ Controls vital functions such as respiration and heart rate. Qs
How long is the spinal cord? - n Ans✔ 18 inches long and extends from the base of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebrae. Qs How many pairs of nerves exit the spinal cord? - n Ans✔ 31 pairs of nerves exit the spinal cord. Qs What are simple (spinal) reflexes? - n Ans✔ Those in which nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain. Qs What is the function of the endocrine system? - n Ans✔ Assist the nervous system in homeostasis and plays important roles in sexual maturation. Qs Where do the endocrine and nervous system meet? - n Ans✔ The hypothalamus and pituitary gland Qs
Ans✔ Serve as protein hormones. Qs What is the function of protein hormones? - n Ans✔ Stay at the cell surface and act through second messenger. Qs What is the usual second messenger used by protein hormones? - n Ans✔ Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) Qs How do hormones affect cell activity? - n Ans✔ Alters the rate of protein synthesis. Qs Which gland is considered the "master gland"? - n Ans✔ The pituitary gland Qs Where is the pituitary gland located? - n Ans✔ Attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum.
Qs What are the two major portions of the pituitary gland? - n Ans✔ Anterior lobe-adenohypophysis Posterior lobe-neurohypophysis Qs Why are the hormones of the adenohypophysis called tropic hormones? - n Ans✔ Because they act mainly on other endocrine glands. Qs What are the tropic hormones? - n Ans✔ STH GH ACTH TSH FSH LH Qs What is the STH or GH hormone? - n Ans✔ Growth Hormone
