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NURS 6030 Exam 2 Questions With Complete Solutions acute blood loss anemia Correct Answers normocytic and normochromic RBCs, just low number. decreased BP, increased HR acute stage Correct Answers symptoms of the disease are maximal and the person is obviously ill. adaptive immunity Correct Answers specific immunity; acquired ability to recognize and destroy a pathogen or its products. Requires exposure of the immune system to the pathogen. humoral (b cell) or cellular (t cell). slower, includes memory cells. agranulocytosis Correct Answers virtual absence of neutrophils. caused by radiation or sepsis. AIDS affects... Correct Answers lymphoid areas and cells first, then CD4 cells decline. S/S: opportunistic infections, malignancies, and wasting. Rx: highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). anemia is... Correct Answers a symptom that indicates something else is going on. either a reduction in RBCs or in amount of hemoglobin. S/S: fatigue, pallor, weakness, increased HR/RR, SOB, dizzy.
antigen presenting cells Correct Answers cells that possess MHC II (B cells and macrophages) and are able to display bits of ingested antigen on their surface in order to activate T cells. aplastic anemia Correct Answers causes: chemo/radiation, chemicals, viral illness, idiopathic. S/S: rapid death from infection or bleeding -hypoxia -bleeding/bruising -infection (low WBC) Rx: bone marrow/stem cell transplant, immunosuppressive drugs. autoimmunity Correct Answers complex disorders that don't have a single source. inherit "susceptibility genes"; change in gene expression rather than sequence. may be malfunction of adaptive immunity; ;environmental factors can trigger. bacteria Correct Answers prokaryotic, unicellular; one chromosome & plasmids. gram neg or pos. attach via pili/fimbriae. utilize: biofilm formation, adherence, encapsulation, mutation, enzyme production, or slime production. bacterial toxins cause... Correct Answers excess inflammation. banded neutrophils Correct Answers "bands"; immature neutrophils.
characteristics of a cancer cell Correct Answers uncontrolled replication. DNA damage does not stop cell division or stimulate apoptosis. grows and divides without growth factors. chronic blood loss anemia Correct Answers no S/S until hemoglobin is very low. insufficient building blocks for normal RBC synthesis. classifying leukemia Correct Answers dominant tissue/cell of origin: myeloid or lymphoid rate of progression: -acute (immature cells, blast cells, rapid progression). -chronic (dominating cell is more differentiated, slower progression). complement system Correct Answers a group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens. convalescent stage Correct Answers stage of disease recovery when the amount of microorganisms is declining as the body combats the disease. cytokines Correct Answers regulators that direct the immune response. affect both innate and adaptive immunity. ligands that bind to specific receptors on target cells. produced by WBCs, vascular epithelium, and fibroblasts.
during a prolonged or severe infection.. Correct Answers "shift to the left" of increased "bands" released from the bone marrow. when demand for WBCs are high. endotoxins Correct Answers lipopolysaccharides from gram neg. cell walls. epithelium Correct Answers bodies first barrier; mechanical and chemical (flora). skin and mucous membranes; if these barriers are compromised than infection is likely. erythropoisis Correct Answers peritubular interstitial cells of kidney (or liver) sense hypoxia; they respond with producing erythropoietin; causes stem cells in flat bones to become erythrocytes. exotoxins Correct Answers proteins, enzymes, neurotoxins. folic acid deficiency Correct Answers increased MCV, decreased serum folic acid. S/S: same as B12 deficiency, BUT w/o neuro. symptoms. fungi Correct Answers eukaryotic, dimorphic; ex: mold, yeast. transmission via spores; reside on skin and mm. antibiotics won't penetrate wall, need antifungal granulocytosis Correct Answers response to bacterial infection. hematocrit Correct Answers volume of RBCs in 100ml of blood.
HS type 4 Correct Answers t-cells attack targets through a number of mechanisms. ex: TB testing and poison ivy. hypochromic Correct Answers decreased MCHC. incubation stage Correct Answers time period when the pathogen grows in numbers & strength. inflammatory response includes... Correct Answers increased: temperature, blood flow, phagocyte attack. S/S: pain, heat, redness, swelling influenza virus Correct Answers two surface proteins can shift their antigens to make new, virulent strains. antigenic shift occurs yearly. innate immunity Correct Answers general, non-specific protection to the body, including the skin (barrier), gastric acid, phagocytes, lysozyme, and complement. relatively rapid, inflammatory process, WBCs and NKs iron deficiency Correct Answers microcytic, hypochromic anemia. most common anemia. causes: nutritional deficiency, blood loss. S/S: brittle/thin/concave nails, glossitis Rx: replace iron in diet.
leukemia Correct Answers malignancy of WBCs in bone marrow and blood. overcrowds marrow, causing decreased production of normal WBCs and other cells. genetic translocations observed in leukemic cells. -Philadelphia chromosome most common, btwn q9 and q22. leukopenia Correct Answers abnormally low WBC count. never normal. lymphocytopenia Correct Answers abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes. caused by cancer, radiation, chemo, and/or immune deficiency. lymphocytosis Correct Answers response to viral infection. lymphoma Correct Answers neoplasm of lymph tissue. macrocytic Correct Answers increased RBC size. macrocytic/normochromic-megaloblastic anemia Correct Answers large RBCs d/t impaired RBC synthesis defective DNA synthesis. ex: B12 or folate deficiency. malignant tumor Correct Answers poorly differentiated cells with the ability to metastasize. MCH Correct Answers mean cell hemoglobin. red cell mass.
non-hodgkin lymphoma Correct Answers T or B cell origin. lacking Reed Sternberg cells. worse prognosis. normochromic Correct Answers normal MCHC. normocytic Correct Answers normal RBC size. normocytic-normochromic anemia Correct Answers insufficient number of RBCs. caused by acute blood loss or impaired production of RBC. ex: aplastic anemia (pancytopenia). oncogenes Correct Answers dominantly expressed, mutated gene that gives a cell growth or survival advantage. opportunistic Correct Answers organisms that cause disease in immunocompromised hosts. opsonization Correct Answers complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. pathogens Correct Answers virulent organisms. pathology of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia Correct Answers heparin reacts/binds w/ PF4. form an immune complex w/ IgG. causes platelet aggregation, leading to a thrombus.
macrophages destroy too many platelets. plasma protein system Correct Answers complex sequences of actions triggered by proteins present in the blood. For example, immunoglobulins (antibodies) are plasma proteins. Three plasma protein systems involved in inflammation are the complement system, the coagulation system, and the kinin system. polycythemia Correct Answers excess number of RBCs. relative: loss of plasma volume. primary: polycythemia vera. secondary: response to chronic hypoxia (high altitude) -most common -smoking, COPD, heart disease, polycythemia vera Correct Answers neoplastic, nonmalignant increase in RBCs. increase WBCs, platelets, splenomegaly. S/S: increased viscosity-->hypercoagulable-->organ ischemia; ruddy appearance, high BP, pruritus. Rx: maintain hematocrit below 45. primary intention Correct Answers when a clean wound heals easily. no tissue loss. prion diseases cause... Correct Answers progressive nerve degeneration via amyloid plaques in the brain. will slowly spread through NS, no treatment known.
contributors: hypoxia, dehydration, acidosis, cold, stress, illness. patient will experience a lot of pain. heterozygous--less severe S/S. homozygous recessive--jaundice, splenic damage, vessel occlusion, pain, infarction, growth retardation. no cure--but can prevent sickling episodes; transfusions. steps of hemostasis Correct Answers vasoconstriction, formation of a plug, sequential activation of the clotting factors, fibrin meshwork. the AIDS virus attacks/destroys what type of cells? Correct Answers CD4 Helper cells. the Philadelphia chromosome is associated with which type of cancer? Correct Answers leukemia. thrombocytopenia Correct Answers low number of platelets. caused by decreased production by bone marrow, or decreased platelet survival. tumor suppressor genes Correct Answers a gene whose product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth. Type I Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Correct Answers benign, non-immune mediated. mild reduction in platelets 1-4 days after dose. Type II Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Correct Answers serious, immune mediated.
30-50% reduction in platelet count 5-14 days after exposure to heparin. vascular phase Correct Answers first phase of inflammation. begins when tissues are injured. includes vasodilation, vascular permeability, WBCs, activation of plasma proteins. goal: prevent infection, begin healing. Virchow's Triad (risk factors for thrombi) Correct Answers 1) injury to blood vessel (atherosclerosis)
- abnormalities to blood flow
- hypercoagulability of blood virulence Correct Answers potential for an organism to produce disease. virulence factors Correct Answers traits that increase how pathogenic an organism is. virus lifecycle includes... Correct Answers attachment, penetration, un-coating, replication, assembly & release of new virions, potential latency, potential oncogenesis. virus structures don't contain... Correct Answers organelles. viruses Correct Answers small intracellular pathogens, no organelles. contains nucleic acid and protected by a capsid, lipoprotein envelope.
