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Health promotion 2: exam 2
Epidemiology - ANS: distribution of disease, determinants that contribute to disease, and the application of how the disease impacts our overall lives purpose is to identify: occurrence of disease, trends over time and geographic areas, risks for disease, factors required for disease and recovery, effectiveness of treatment/prevention QUIZ: endemic disease - ANS: constantly present/prevalent in a population or geographic area (low spread) predictable, minimal disruption ex: common cold, malaria in parts of Africa, STIs, COVID-19?? QUIZ: epidemic disease - ANS: sudden increase in occurrence of disease above expected levels, exceeds normal frequency in a region ex: yellow fever, measles, ebola non-contagious example: opioid epidemic does not have to be a contagious agent QUIZ: pandemic disease - ANS: worldwide epidemic disease growth is exponential and covers a wide area. affecting several countries and populations example: covid-19, swine flu, HIV/AIDs, Spanish flu, QUIZ: primary prevention for epidemiology - ANS: education, specific to community, available resources, readable level, social media immunization, challenges (anti-vaxxers, new disease) vaccine campaign
QUIZ: secondary prevention for epidemiology - ANS: screening to increase early detection/treatment considerations: severity of the problem, valid/reliable test, treatment options, cost and sustainability ex: temperature checks, routine COVID-19 testing, mammograms QUIZ: tertiary prevention for epidemiology - ANS: treat disease/condition, reduce complications examples: isolation, quarantine, safe handling of wastes, proper PPE, ventilator for Fred in the west nile virus simulation QUIZ: what was one of the first causes of lung cancer? - ANS: chimney sweeping QUIZ: epidemiological triad *** - ANS: in order for disease to happen you have to have these three points in place: traditional model of disease causation. External agent, a susceptible host, an environment that brings the two together QUIZ: agent characteristics - ANS: toxicity, virulence, infectivity, susceptibility to antibiotics, ability to survive outside body interventions: eradicate, genetically modify QUIZ: host characteristics - ANS: age, prior exposure, susceptibility, co-infection, immune response interventions: treat, isolate, immunize, nutrition QUIZ: environmental characteristics of triad - ANS: climate, physical structures, population density, social structures interventions: housing quality, sanitation, water, preventative services
QUIZ: challenges in infectious disease - ANS: new diseases, vector-borne (animal or insects), antibiotic resistant organisms (TB, malaria, MRSA), bioterrorism threats, industrialization > trade & population/economic growth >disruption deprivation, disease, and death, trade: new disease to an area, sanitation (contaminated water/vectors) QUIZ: solution to the challenges in infectious disease - ANS: plan ahead to mitigate disease risk (sanitation, pest control, vaccines, testing/treatment) QUIZ: chain of causation - ANS: reservoir > portal of exit > mode of transmission > agent > portal of entry
host
QUIZ: direct transmission - ANS: human to human, through touching, kissing, biting, intercourse, direct projection of droplets, mother to fetus QUIZ: indirect transmission - ANS: vector, airborne, vehicle QUIZ: vector (indirect transmission) - ANS: transfer by a living organism QUIZ: airborne (indirect transmission) - ANS: transfer by particles in the air QUIZ: vehicle (indirect transmission) - ANS: transfer through water, food, blood transfusion, organ/tissue transplant, or fomites (inanimate objects) QUIZ: food infection - ANS: food ingested that is contaminated (salmonella) QUIZ: food intoxication - ANS: result of ingesting a toxin produced by pathogenic microorganisms existing in the food (botulism) QUIZ: food safety - ANS: prep: wash hands, prep surfaces, and utensils with soap and water
cooking: wash raw/uncooked foods with clean water, even if peeled, cook meats thoroughly (145-165F internal temp is safe...40-140 allows bacteria growth), do not return foods tor surfaces used on pre- cooked meats storage: cool foods quickly QUIZ: WHO - ANS: improve health systems, address disease, emergency preparedness, responds to outbreaks worldwide QUIZ: CDC - ANS: prevent disease through surveillance, research, data collection , and ( ) QUIZ: community health professional roles - ANS: reporting, investigating, surveillance, disease control (effective surveillance and control can lead to elimination or eradication) QUIZ: social determinants of health - ANS: life expectancy decreases as one moves down the social ladder, health policy affects ( ) QUIZ: incidence rate formula - ANS: NEW cases / # at risk population (x 100 for %.... OR x1000 for "per 1000 people") QUIZ: crude mortality rate formula - ANS: # total deaths / population (x 100 for %.... OR x1000 for "per 1000 people") QUIZ: case fatality rate formula - ANS: # Of disease specific deaths/ TOTAL cases of that disease (x 100 for %.... OR x1000 for "per 1000 people") QUIZ: prevalence rate formula - ANS: the number of total cases / total population (point prevalence is based on TODAYs numbers) (Period prevalence is based on that year)
