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Public health .....berthkmmmvcdgnmmm vvvbbmmmvvcgbbn
Typology: Summaries
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There are plenty of^ opportunities^ for^
education. It may be^ given^ in^
consultation room^ of^ the^ doctor^
or in^ the health^ centre^ o
the homes^ of^ the^ people.^ The^
individual comes^ to^ the^ d
centre because^ of^ illness.^
educating him^ on^ matters^
nature of^ illness^ and^ its^ prevention,^ personal^
for health^ counselli
Educational material should be designed to focus attention to provide new knowledge, to facilitate interpersonal and group discussion and to reinforce or
appealing to more than one sense, and provide a dynamic way of avoiding monotony. Modern science has made available an endless array of audiovisual aids which can be classified into three groups (20):
may be^ selected^ according^
we (^) will be equippingtthe
individual and^ the^ family^ to^ deal^
more effectively with tho
health problems.
he (^) has tha
more (^) readilu
to the^ physician's health^ counselling.^
A (^) hint from the (^) doctor
may have^ a^ more^ lasting^
undertaking health^ education.^
Florence Nightingale said^ that the nurse^ can^ do^ more^ good^ in^ the^
home than in (^) the
hospital. Public^ health^ nurses,^ health visitors^
and (^) health
inspectors are^ visiting^ hundreds^ of^ homes,^ they^
of opportunities for^ individual^ health^ teaching.^
with (^) individuals, the^ health^ educator^ must^ first^ create^ an
individual (^) to (^) talk as
health teaching is that we can discuss, argue and persuade the individual to change his behaviour. It provides opportunities to^ ask^ questions in^ terms^ of^ specific^ interests. The limitation of individual health teaching is that the numbers we reach are small, and health education is given only to^ those^ who^ come^ in^ contact^ with^ us.
(a) Not requiring projection: Chalk-board, leaflets,
specimens, etc.
(3) COMBINED A-V AIDS Television, sound films (^) (Cinema), slide-tape combination. A knowledge of the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of each audio-visual aid is necessary in order to make proper use of them. Audio-visual aids are means to an end, not an end in themselves.
The methods in health communication may be grouped as in Fig. 3.
Our society contains groups of many kinds - school children, mothers, industrial workers, patients, etc. Group teaching is an effective way of educating the community. The choice of subject in group health teaching is very important; it must relate directly to the interest of the group. For example, we should not broach the subjectof
we should talk to her about child-birth and baby care.
A rundown of the assets of mass media and personal communication methods is as shown in Table 2. Any one or a combination of these methods can be used selectively at different times, depending upon the objectives to be achieved, the behaviour to be influenced and available funds.
Health Communication
approach approach^ Mass approach
Direct mailing
Group discussion Panel discussion (^) 5.
Conferences 7.^ Health^ museums and exhibitions Seminars Role play 8 Folk^ methods
FIG. Methods in health communication
PRACTICE OF HEALTH EDUCATION (^901)
of (^) assets (^) of (^) mass media and Mass Media^ personal^ communicatou (TV, radio, newspaper) (^) Personal communication
(Interpersonal and group methods) Capitalizes on warmth and understanding and knowledge of communication
Gives (^) greater (^) support for programmes such as thoseconcentrated for a week or month
Can get people to make changes in personal habits more readily, when discussion presents reasonable explanations for these changes.
More effective among t
Similarly, school^ children may be (^) taught about oral tuberculosis hygiene; patients about^ tuberculosis; and (^) industrial uOrkers about^ accidents.^ We (^) have (^) to (^) select also (^) the method of^ health^ suitable education including (^) audio-visual (^) aids for SuCcessful group^ health^ education. A (^) brief (^) account of (^) the methods of group teaching is given below
thinking or^ problem-solving^ capacity;^ the^ comprehension^
of
of the listeners is not necessarily affected.
show how to perform a skill or procedure. Here a procedure
carried out
the demonstrato
presentation of facts, organized thoughts and ideas by a qualified person. The "chalk" lends the visual component. The chalk and talk communication has still a very important place in small group education. Its effectiveness depends to a large extent on the speaker's ability to write legibly and to
on a topic of current interest or health needs of the group. The (^) group should^ not^ be^ more^ than^30 and^ the^ talk^ shoulo not exceed 15 to 20 minutes. If the talk is too long people may become^ bored^ and^ restless.
ascertaining that^ the^ audience^ understands how to^ perform it.^ The^ demonstrator^ involves^ the^ audience in discussion.
(b)persuades the onlookers to adopt recommended
changes in^ the^ behaviour^ pertaining^ to^ the^
use of neww practice. Demonstration as^ a^ means^ of^ communication^ has^ been
environmental sanitation (e.g., installation of a hand-pump,
high motivational value.
The lecture^ method^ can^ be^ made^ more^ effective by combining^ with^
suitable audio-visual^ aids^ such^ as a) Flipcharts^ : They^ consist^ of^ a^
illustration
are meant^ to^ be
shown one after^ another.^ Each^
chart is "flashed"^ or
displayed before^ a^ group^ as^
the talk^ is^ being^ given.^ The
must be^ brief^ and^ to^ the^ point.^
These
Charts are (^) primarily designed^ to^ hold^
attention of^ the^ group
ànd help^ the^ lecture^
to proceed. (b)^ Flannelgraph:^ A^ piece
over a wooden^ board
background for^ displaying^
cut-out
and other^ illustrations.^
The cut-
Out pictures^ and^
other illustrations^ are^ provided^
with a^ rough
pasting pieces^ of^
sand paper, felt^ or
ough cloth^ and^ they^
on (^) the
iannel. Flannelgraph offers^ the^
displayed one^
after another^ helps
and adds^ much^ to^
the presentation.^
The
oner advantages^
are that^ the^ flannelgraph^
is (^) a very cheap
m, easy^ to^
transport and^
promotes thought^
and
Objects, models,^
specimens, etc.
message to^ the^
viewer. They^ are^ essentially
Cr nedia^
of communication,
which can^ also^ be^
used in
eaching. (d)^ Films^ and^
These are^ mass^
media
ommunication. If^ used^
with discrimination,^
they can^ be
OTvalue in educating small^ groups.
face-to-face situation".^ This^ contrasts^ sharply^ to^ the^ group^ of
considered a very effective^ methood^ of^ health communication. It permits the individuals to learn by freely
discussion provides a^ wider^ interaction^ among^ members
reduction) group^ discussion^ is^ considered^
valuable.
For effective^ group^ discussion,^ the^ group^
should (^) comprise
not less^ than^6 and^ not^ more^
than 12 members.^ The
participants are^ all^ seated^ in^
There should^ be^ a^ group leader who^ initiates^ the^ subject,^ helps^
the discussion^ in^ the
proper manner,^ prevents^
side-conversations, encourages everyone to^ participate^
and sums^ up the^ discussion^ in^ the end. If^ the^ discussion^ goes^ well,^
the (^) grouP may arrive^ at decisions which^ no^ individual^
member would^ have^ been
able to^ make^ alone.^
It is also desirable^ to^ have^ a^ person^ to Lectures can^ be^
faulted on^ a^
number of^ grounds.^ Their
antages include^
the following:^
students are^ involved
nmum extent;^ learning^
is passive;^ do^ not^
stimulate
a (^) Mass approach - Education
general
PRACTICE OF HEALTH EDUCATION 903 public No (^) health worker (^) or health (^) team (^) can alth (^) education (^) programme mount (^) an (^) effective for (^) the whole (^) community,
related information from the ministry of health and family health welfare Govt. of India, is also available on their website.
except (^) through mas (^) media
the (^) media (^) has (^) been communication.. (^) The rapid. (^) Uptill the (^) early
olution of 4.^ Newspapers
1920s, mass^ communication depended (^) largely on (^) what orinted (^) posters, (^) pamphlets, was
newspapers. (^) hen came (^) the books,^ periodicals and radio (^) and (^) with (^) it dimension or^ experlence. (^) TV (^) went a^ new a (^) gigantic nd (^) has (^) become a (^) very (^) powertul step further
nrimarily to^ the^ eye, weapon.^ The^ press caters the radio^ appeals to (^) the hath (^) eye and ear. (^) A (^) final (^) word ear, and (^) TV to
eome close to (^) the (^) warmth (^) and they
nerson-to-person motivational^ effect^ of^ a communication. (^) They have of the tabric^ of^ modern (^) civilization. become (^) part
"one-way" (^) communication. useful in^ transmitting They^ are meSsages to^ people even (^) in (^) the remotest (^) places. The (^) number (^) of usually count^ in^ people^ who^ are^ reached
Mass media alone (^) are generally (^) inadequate in (^) changing human behaviour. For (^) etfective health should be^ used^ in^ communication,^ they combination (^) with (^) other (^) methods. (^) The
of literature. News must be newsworthy before it is printed. Whereas many people turn to radio or TV for entertainment,
have limitation^ of^ having^ low^ readership^ in^ rural^ areas because of^ illiteracy. They^ reach^ only^ a^ limited^ group,^ i.e. the literates in the community.
often seeking newspapers.
been in use for health communication. They are aimed at
bulk for very little cost, and can be shared by others in the
This is a new innovation in health communication in India. The intention is to reach the remote areas of the country with printed word (e.g., folders and newsletters and booklets on family planning, immunization and nutrition etc.). These are sent directly to village leaders, literate persons, panchayats and local bodies and others who are considered as opinion
extent influencing public opinion and introducing new ways of (^) life. It (^) is (^) raising levels of (^) understanding and (^) helping
including crime^ and^ violence^ which^ are^ shown^ as^ part^ of feature programmes. TV is a one-way channel. It can only be an aid to teaching. It cannot cover all areas of learning. lt has much potential for health communication.
These are intended to catch the eye and create awareness.
and artistic.^ Posters are^ not^ expensive^ when^ one^ considers they are seen by a large number of people. Motives such as humour and fear are introduced into posters in order to hold the attention of the^ public. In^ places^ where the^ exposure^ time is short (e.g., streets), the message of the poster should be
and easy to understand immediately. In places where people
the right place and at the right time. That is, when there is an
on viral jaundice, but not on cholera. The life of a poster is usually short; posters should be changed frequently, otherwise they will lose their effect. As a media of health
behaviour than its enthusiastic users
countries the^ radio^ has^ a^
broader audience^ than^ TV.^ Both
radio and^ TV^ can^ reach^ illiterate^ population^
not accessible
through printed^ word.^ It is^
a (^) purely didactic^ medium.^ It^ can
across" useful^ health
questions
ana answers^ and^ quiz^ programmes.^
Radio is^ much^ cheaper
out on
radio. Local^ health^ issues^ may^
be identified^ and^ discussed
eading to^ increased^ general^ awareness.^
would hope. Indiscriminate use ot posters by pasting them on walls serves no other useful purpose than covering the wall.
his new^ means^ of^
computer based^
communication
ylem has^ opened^ vast^
capability of^ transter^
of knowledge,
and instant
Inmunication across^ the^ world^ by^
means of^ e-mail^ and^ even
fast growing
communication (^) media
health
number of persons^ in
a are^ using^ this^
media, and^ the^
yday. Vast^ amount^ of^
health related^ literature^ from^
WHO
can attract large numbers of people. By presenting a variety of ideas, they do increase knowledge and awareness Photographic panels attract more persons than graphic panels. This is because photos give a humanized touch to the communication. The three dimensional models with lighted visuals are even more effective than photos.