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Right to Know
Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet
Common Name: LEAD DIOXIDE
Synonyms: Lead Brown; Lead Peroxide Chemical Name: Lead Oxide (PbO 2 ) Date: September 200 7 Revision: May 2017 CAS Number: 1309 - 60 - 0 RTK Substance Number: 1104 DOT Number: UN 1872
Description and Use
Lead Dioxide is an odorless, brown crystal or powder. It is used in electrodes in Lead-acid storage batteries, and in the paint, rubber and ceramic industries.
Reasons for Citation
Lead Dioxide is on the Right to Know Hazardous Substance List because it is cited by OSHA, ACGIH, DOT, NIOSH, NTP, DEP, IARC and EPA. This chemical is on the Special Health Hazard Substance List.
SEE GLOSSARY ON PAGE 5.
FIRST AID
Eye Contact Immediately flush with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Remove contact lenses, if worn, while rinsing. Skin Contact Remove contaminated clothing. Wash contaminated skin with soap and water. Inhalation Remove the person from exposure. Begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility.
EMERGENCY NUMBERS
Poison Control: 1- 800 - 222 - 1222 CHEMTREC: 1- 800 - 424 - 9300 NJDEP Hotline: 1- 877 - 927 - 6337 National Response Center: 1- 800 - 424 - 8802
EMERGENCY RESPONDERS >>>> SEE BACK PAGE
Hazard Summary
Hazard Rating NJDOH NFPA HEALTH 3 - FLAMMABILITY 0 - REACTIVITY 1 - CARCINOGEN POISONOUS FUMES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRE CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE IN FIRE STRONG OXIDIZER DOES NOT BURN Hazard Rating Key: 0=minimal; 1=slight; 2=moderate; 3=serious; 4=severe Lead Dioxide can affect you when inhaled or swallowed. Lead Dioxide is a CARCINOGEN. HANDLE WITH EXTREME CAUTION. Contact can irritate the skin and eyes. Inhaling Lead Dioxide can irritate the nose and throat. Exposure can cause headache, irritability, and muscle and joint pain. Repeated exposure can cause Lead poisoning with metallic taste, colic and muscle cramps. Lead Dioxide may damage the nervous system. Exposure may cause kidney and brain damage, and anemia. Lead Dioxide is noncombustible but is a STRONG OXIDIZER. Reactions with ORGANICS, COMBUSTIBLES or REDUCING AGENTS may release enough heat to cause a fire.
Workplace Exposure Limits
The following exposure limits are for inorganic Lead compounds (measured as Lead ): OSHA: The legal airborne permissible exposure limit (PEL) is 0.05 mg/m^3 averaged over an 8-hour workshift. NIOSH: The recommended airborne exposure limit (REL) is 0.05 mg/m^3 averaged over a 10-hour workshift. Air concentrations should be maintained so that blood Lead is less than 0.06 mg per 100 grams of whole blood. ACGIH: The threshold limit value (TLV) is 0.05 mg/m^3 averaged over an 8-hour workshift.
Lead Dioxide is a PROBABLE CARCINOGEN in humans. There may be no safe level of exposure to a carcinogen, so all contact should be reduced to the lowest possible level.
Determining Your Exposure
Read the product manufacturer’s Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) and the label to determine product ingredients and important safety and health information about the product mixture. For each individual hazardous ingredient, read the New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, available on the RTK Program website (http://nj.gov/health/workplacehealthandsafety/right-to- know/) or in your facility’s RTK Central File or Hazard Communication Standard file. You have a right to this information under the New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act, the Public Employees Occupational Safety and Health (PEOSH) Act if you are a public worker in New Jersey, and under the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) if you are a private worker. The New Jersey Right to Know Act and the PEOSH Hazard Communication Standard (N.J.A.C. 12:100-7) requires most employers to label chemicals in the workplace and requires public employers to provide their employees with information concerning chemical hazards and controls. The federal OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) requires private employers to provide similar information and training to their employees. This Fact Sheet is a summary of available information regarding the health hazards that may result from exposure. Duration of exposure, concentration of the substance and other factors will affect your susceptibility to any of the potential effects described below.
Health Hazard Information
Acute Health Effects The following acute (short-term) health effects may occur immediately or shortly after exposure to Lead Dioxide : Contact can irritate the skin and eyes. Inhaling Lead Dioxide can irritate the nose and throat. Exposure can cause headache, irritability, reduced memory, disturbed sleep, and mood and personality changes. Contact can cause upset stomach, poor appetite, weakness and fatigue. Chronic Health Effects The following chronic (long-term) health effects can occur at some time after exposure to Lead Dioxide and can last for months or years: Cancer Hazard Lead Dioxide is a PROBABLE CARCINOGEN in humans. There is some evidence that inorganic Lead compounds cause lung, brain, stomach, and kidney cancer in humans and they have been shown to cause kidney cancer in animals. Many scientists believe there is no safe level of exposure to a carcinogen. Reproductive Hazard While Lead Dioxide has not been identified as a teratogen or a reproductive hazard, Lead and certain Lead compounds are teratogens and may also cause reproductive damage, such as reduced fertility and interference with menstrual cycles. Lead Dioxide should be handled WITH EXTREME CAUTION. Other Effects Repeated exposure to Lead Dioxide can cause Lead poisoning. Symptoms include metallic taste, poor appetite, weight loss, colic, nausea, vomiting, and muscle cramps. Higher levels can cause muscle and joint pain, and weakness. High or repeated exposure may damage the nerves causing weakness, “pins and needles,” and poor coordination in the arms and legs. Lead exposure increases the risk of high blood pressure. Lead Dioxide may cause kidney and brain damage, and damage to the blood cells causing anemia. Repeated exposure causes Lead to accumulate in the body. It can take years for the body to get rid of excess Lead.
Medical
Medical Testing Before first exposure, and every six (6) months thereafter, OSHA requires your employer to provide (for persons exposed to 30 micrograms or more of Lead per cubic meter of air for 30 days or more per year): Blood Lead test ZPP (a special test for the effects of Lead on blood cells) For employees with blood Lead levels above 40 micrograms per 100 grams of whole blood ( 40 micrograms per deciliter ), OSHA requires blood Lead level monitoring every two months until two consecutive blood Lead levels are below 40 micrograms per 100 grams of whole blood. These employees must undergo a medical evaluation, which should include: Complete work and medical history Thorough physical examination, including examination of the central nervous system Blood Lead test ZPP Hemoglobin, hematocrit with complete blood count Urinalysis with microscopic examination Any other tests determined necessary by the examining physician This evaluation should be performed at least annually.
For more information, please contact: New Jersey Department of Health Right to Know Program PO Box 368 Trenton, NJ 08625- 0368 Phone: 609- 984 - 2202 Fax: 609- 984 - 7407 E-mail: rtk@doh.nj.gov Web address: http://nj.gov/health/workplacehealthandsafety/right-to- know/ The Right to Know Hazardous Substance Fact Sheets are not intended to be copied and sold for commercial purposes. Where the potential exists for exposure not higher than 100 mg/m^3 (as Lead ), use supplied-air respirators with full facepiece, hood, helmet or suit, operated in a positive pressure mode. Exposure to 100 mg/m^3 (as Lead ) is immediately dangerous to life and health. If the possibility of exposure above 100 mg/m^3 (as Lead ) exists, use a NIOSH approved self- contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode equipped with an emergency escape air cylinder.
Fire Hazards
If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped as stated in the OSHA Fire Brigades Standard (29 CFR 1910.156). Extinguish fire by flooding with water. DO NOT USE CO 2 , dry chemicals or halogenated extinguishing agents. Lead Dioxide itself does not burn. POISONOUS FUMES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRE, including Lead Oxides. CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE IN FIRE. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Lead Dioxide may ignite combustibles and organics (wood, paper and oil).
Spills and Emergencies
If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. The OSHA Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard (29 CFR 1910.120) may apply. If Lead Dioxide is spilled, take the following steps: Evacuate personnel and secure and control entrance to the area. Eliminate all ignition sources. Collect powdered material by moistening spilled material, or use a HEPA-filter vacuum, and deposit into sealed containers. Ventilate and wash area after clean-up is complete. DO NOT wash into sewer. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of Lead Dioxide as a HAZARDOUS WASTE. Contact your state Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) or your regional office of the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for specific recommendations.
Handling and Storage
Prior to working with Lead Dioxide you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. A regulated, marked area should be established where Lead Dioxide is handled, used or stored. Lead Dioxide is a STRONG OXIDIZER which may react with ORGANICS, COMBUSTIBLES or REDUCING AGENTS to produce enough heat to cause a fire. Lead Dioxide is not compatible with FINELY POWDERED METALS; METAL CARBIDES; SULFUR COMPOUNDS; POTASSIUM; SODIUM; PHOSPHORUS; MAGNESIUM; CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE; ZINC; NITROGEN; CESIUM ACETYLIDE; HYDROXYLAMINE; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; HALOGENS; STRONG ACIDS (such as HYDROCHLORIC, SULFURIC and NITRIC); and AMINES. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from HEAT and DIRECT SUNLIGHT. Protect from SHOCK, FRICTION or PHYSICAL DAMAGE.
Occupational Health Information
Resources
The New Jersey Department of Health offers multiple services in occupational health. These services include providing informational resources, educational materials, public presentations, and industrial hygiene and medical investigations and evaluations.
GLOSSARY
ACGIH is the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. They publish guidelines called Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for exposure to workplace chemicals. Boiling point is the temperature at which a substance can change its physical state from a liquid to a gas. A carcinogen is a substance that causes cancer. The CAS number is unique, identifying number, assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service, to a specific chemical. CFR is the Code of Federal Regulations, which are the regulations of the United States government. A combustible substance is a solid, liquid or gas that will burn. A corrosive substance is a gas, liquid or solid that causes destruction of human skin or severe corrosion of containers. DEP is the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. DOT is the Department of Transportation, the federal agency that regulates the transportation of chemicals. EPA is the Environmental Protection Agency, the federal agency responsible for regulating environmental hazards. ERG is the Emergency Response Guidebook. It is a guide for emergency responders for transportation emergencies involving hazardous substances. A fetus is an unborn human or animal. A flammable substance is a solid, liquid, vapor or gas that will ignite easily and burn rapidly. The flash point is the temperature at which a liquid or solid gives off vapor that can form a flammable mixture with air. IARC is the International Agency for Research on Cancer, a scientific group. Ionization Potential is the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from an atom or molecule. It is measured in electron volts. IRIS is the Integrated Risk Information System database maintained by federal EPA. The database contains information on human health effects that may result from exposure to various chemicals in the environment. LEL or Lower Explosive Limit , is the lowest concentration of a combustible substance (gas or vapor) in the air capable of continuing an explosion. mg/m^3 means milligrams of a chemical in a cubic meter of air. It is a measure of concentration (weight/volume). A mutagen is a substance that causes mutations. A mutation is a change in the genetic material in a body cell. Mutations can lead to birth defects, miscarriages, or cancer. NFPA is the National Fire Protection Association. It classifies substances according to their fire and explosion hazard. NIOSH is the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. It tests equipment, evaluates and approves respirators, conducts studies of workplace hazards, and proposes standards to OSHA. NTP is the National Toxicology Program which tests chemicals and reviews evidence for cancer. OSHA is the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which adopts and enforces health and safety standards. PEOSHA is the New Jersey Public Employees Occupational Safety and Health Act, which adopts and enforces health and safety standards in public workplaces. Permeated is the movement of chemicals through protective materials. PIH is a DOT designation for chemicals which are Poison Inhalation Hazards. ppm means parts of a substance per million parts of air. It is a measure of concentration by volume in air. A reactive substance is a solid, liquid or gas that releases energy under certain conditions. STEL is a Short Term Exposure Limit which is usually a 15- minute exposure that should not be exceeded at any time during a work day. A teratogen is a substance that causes birth defects by damaging the fetus. UEL or Upper Explosive Limit is the highest concentration in air above which there is too much fuel (gas or vapor) to begin a reaction or explosion. Vapor Density is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of one gas to the weight of another (usually Hydrogen ), at the same temperature and pressure. The vapor pressure is a measure of how readily a liquid or a solid mixes with air at its surface. A higher vapor pressure indicates a higher concentration of the substance in air and therefore increases the likelihood of breathing it in.
