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water table is called as zone of aeration. • The zone of aeration consists of three zones namely soil water zone, the intermediate zone & the capillary zone.
Typology: Study notes
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A PRESENTATION BY T.S. BADRINARAYANAN, GEOSCIENTIST,
B SQUARE GEO TECH SERVICES, KOLLIDAM, SIRKALI TALUK,
NAGAI DISTRICT, TAMILNADU- 609 102.
MOB- 94430 46102, E-MAIL: tsbadri56@gmail.com
2
Water preceded all forms of life on Earth & is Water preceded all forms of life on Earth & is
believed to be the very origin of all organic like believed to be the very origin of all organic like
forms. forms.
Water is a natural resource, very much essential Water is a natural resource, very much essential
for the human & organisms. for the human & organisms.
Agriculture is the greatest user of water Agriculture is the greatest user of water
accounting for 80% of all consumptions. accounting for 80% of all consumptions.
An adequate supply of water is one of the pre An adequate supply of water is one of the pre
- -
requisites for development and industrial growth. requisites for development and industrial growth.
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Only 3% of water is fresh (< 500 ppm TDS)Only 3% of water is fresh (< 500 ppm TDS)
25% is ground water, 75% is in ice! 25% is ground water, 75% is in ice!
Less than 1% is in streams and lakes. Less than 1% is in streams and lakes.
Water is water. It Water is water. It
’’
s the stuff in the water that s the stuff in the water that
makes a difference to quality. makes a difference to quality.
Almost any water can be made drinkable. Almost any water can be made drinkable.
Desalination is increasing in use. Desalination is increasing in use.
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GLOBAL WATER RESOURCES. GLOBAL WATER RESOURCES.
Distribution of Water
Distribution of Water
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BASICS OF HYDROGEOLOGY. BASICS OF HYDROGEOLOGY.
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The branch of Geology dealing with
The branch of Geology dealing with
surface & subsurface water
surface & subsurface water
[ground water]. [ground water].
The science of hydrogeology is
The science of hydrogeology is
defined as hydrology with emphasis
defined as hydrology with emphasis
on geology.
on geology.
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Water Sources Water Sources
Surface WaterSurface Water
Streams Streams
Lakes Lakes
Runoff Runoff
Ground WaterGround Water
Wells Wells
Springs Springs
Ganats Ganats
Rain HarvestingRain Harvesting
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Ground water Ground water
All the water contained in the All the water contained in the
void spaces within rocks. void spaces within rocks.
Merriam Merriam
Webster dictionary: Water within Webster dictionary: Water within
the earth, especially water that supplies wells the earth, especially water that supplies wells
and springs. and springs.
s drinking water glossary: The water s drinking water glossary: The water
that systems pump and treat from aquifers that systems pump and treat from aquifers
(natural reservoirs below the earth's surface). (natural reservoirs below the earth's surface).
More inclusively, it includes soil moisture, More inclusively, it includes soil moisture,
permafrost, water in tight formations, saline permafrost, water in tight formations, saline
waters, etc.. waters, etc..
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ORGIN OF GROUND WATER. ORGIN OF GROUND WATER.
Some of precipitation ie, rain water soaks
Some of precipitation ie, rain water soaks
into the land surface by the process of
into the land surface by the process of
infiltration and percolates down to the
infiltration and percolates down to the
water table to become ground water.
water table to become ground water.
Water becomes ground water
Water becomes ground water
by by
infiltrating through soil
infiltrating through soil
Infiltrating through faults or fractures
Infiltrating through faults or fractures
flowing directly into karst sinkholes
flowing directly into karst sinkholes
or caverns
or caverns
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ORGIN OF GROUND WATER. ORGIN OF GROUND WATER.
PRECIPITATION.INFILTRATION
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GROUND WATER IN GROUND WATER IN
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE.
Groundwater in Hydrologic Cycle
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Thousands of km
3
/yr
Hydrologic Cycle Hydrologic Cycle
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OCCURRENCE OF OCCURRENCE OF
GROUND WATER.
GROUND WATER.
Nature does not provide ground water at the Nature does not provide ground water at the
place of our choice. It occurs in the subsurface place of our choice. It occurs in the subsurface
in certain favorable geological formations & in certain favorable geological formations &
structures. structures.
Aquifer : Aquifer :
aqui means water; fer means to bear aqui means water; fer means to bear
thus an aquifer bears water from voids thus an aquifer bears water from voids
a a
saturated permeable geologic unit that can saturated permeable geologic unit that can
transmit significant quantities of water under transmit significant quantities of water under
ordinary hydraulic gradient ordinary hydraulic gradient
eg eg
sand stone, sand stone,
sand & gravel sand & gravel
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OCCURRENCE OF OCCURRENCE OF
GROUND WATER.
GROUND WATER.
Aquiclude Aquiclude
a saturated geologic unit that is a saturated geologic unit that is
incapable of transmitting significant quantities of incapable of transmitting significant quantities of
water under ordinary hydraulic gradient water under ordinary hydraulic gradient
eg eg
clay lenses & shale. clay lenses & shale.
Aquitard Aquitard
: less permeable beds in a : less permeable beds in a
stratigraphic sequence stratigraphic sequence
eg eg
clay lenses clay lenses
interbedded with sand interbedded with sand
Aquifuge Aquifuge
has too low porosity and neither has too low porosity and neither
absorbs nor transmits water absorbs nor transmits water
eg eg
dense basalt, dense basalt,
granite. granite.