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GPAT - 2017

Syllabus

ALL INDIA COUNCIL FOR TECHNICAL EDUCATION

7 th^ Floor, Chandralok Building, Janpath New Delhi - 110 001

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

1. Composition & physical states of matter

Intermolecular forces & their impact on state of the matter. Various physical properties of matter, dipole moment, dielectric constant, Van Der waal's equation & critical phenomenon, liquefaction of gases, aerosols.

2. Colligative Properties

The liquid state, vapor pressure, ideal & real solutions. Raoult's law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular weight based on colligative properties.

3. Thermodynamics

First, second & third law of thermodynamics. Thermochemical laws, isothermic & adiabetic processes, reversible processes, work of expansion, heat content, enthalpy, heat capacity. Gibb's & Helmoltz equation & chemical potential.

4. Chemical Equillibria.

5. Phase rule

One, two, & three component systems along with their applications. Solid- solid, solid - liquid, & liquid-liquid systems. Distillation of binary systems, azeotropic mixtures, steam, vacuum, & fractional distillation.

6. Refractive index

Refractive index, specific refractivity, molar refractivity, refractometers.

7. Solutions

Solubility, factors affecting solubility, solubility curves. Types of solutions, effect of co- solvancy, pH & other factors on solubility. Solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in liquids, & solids in liquids, critical solution temperature, law of partitioning & its applications. Solute solvent interactions. Expression of concentration of pharmaceutical solutions & calculations. Molarity, molality, mole fraction & percentage expressions.

8. Electrochemistry

Properties of electrolyte solutions, electrolysis. Faraday's law of electrolysis, electron transport, electrical cell, single electrode potential, concentration cells, half-cells & half cell potential, types of half cells, sign convention, Nerst equation, salt bridge, electromotive series, standard potential, SHE. Measuring the relative voltage of half cells, Calculation of standard potential. Reference & indicator electrodes. Standard oxidation-reduction potential.

PHYSICAL PHARMACY

1. Matter, properties of matter

States of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heat and vapor pressure, sublimation-critical point, eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols- inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals, glasses state, solid crystalline and amorphous polymorphism.

2. Micromeritics and powder rheology

Particle size and distribution, average particle size number and weight distribution, particle number, method of determining particle size and volume, optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation, determining surface areas, permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders, porosity, packing arrangement densities, bulkiness and flow properties.

3. Surface and interfacial phenomenon

Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement of surface and interfacial tension, spreading coefficient, adsorption and liquid interfaces, surface active agents, HLB classification, solubilization, detergency, absorption at solid interfaces, solid gas and solid liquid interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of interfaces.

4. Viscosity and rheology

Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematics viscosity, effect of temperature, non Newtonian systems, pseudoplastics, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy in formulations, determination of viscosity and thixotropy by capillary, falling ball, rotational viscometer, application of theology in pharmacy

5. Dispersion systems

a. Colloidal dispersions: Definition, types, properties of colloids, protective colloids, application of colloids in pharmacy. b. Suspensions and emulsions: Interfacial properties of suspended particles settling in suspension, theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian movement, sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters, wetting of particles, significance of electrical properties in dispersions, controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles, rheological considerations, emulsions: types, theories, physical stability.

6. Complexation

Classification of complexes, methods of preparations and analysis, applications.

7. Buffer

Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general. Buffers in pharmaceutical systems,

preparations and stability, buffered isotonic solutions. Measurements of tonicity calculations and methods of adjusting isotonicity.

8. Solubility

a. Miscibility-influence of foreign substances  three component systems  dielectric constant and solubility,  solubility of solids in liquids  ideal and non-ideal solutions  solvation and association in solutions  solubility of salts in water  solubility of slightly soluble and weak electrolyte  calculating solubility of weak electrolytes as influenced by pH, influence of solvents on the solubility of drugs  combined effect of pH and solvents, distribution of solutes between immiscible solvents, effect of ionic dissociation and molecular association on partition, extraction, preservatives action of weak acids in emulsions, drug action and distribution co-efficient. b. Concepts of dissolution and diffusion.

physical properties & chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms [arrow based] & stereochemistry [wherever applicable].  Aromatic hydrocarbons.  Phenolic compounds.  Aromatic & aliphatic amines.  Diazonium salts.  Aromatic nitro- compounds, aryl halides, & ethers.

6. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Syntheses & reactions with mechanisms of bi & tricyclic fused carbocyclic rings like naphthalene, anthracene, & phenanthrene.

7. Carbonyl Chemistry

Carbonyl chemistry involving group conversions & their reaction mechanisms along with stereochemistry wherever applicable. a. Wolf-Kishner reduction & Huang-Minlong modification. b. Reduction of arylsulfonyl hydrazine / hydrazones to alkanes. c. Bamford Steven reaction. d. DCC Oxidation of alcohol. e. Michael addition / 1,4-addition / conjugate addition. f. Mannich condensation / reaction. g. Robinson annulation. h. Stobbe condensation. i. Darzen's glysidic ester synthesis. j. Beckmann rearrangement. k. Baeyer Villiger rearrangement. l. Curtius, Wolff, & Lossen rearrangements. m. Willgerodt rearrangement. n. Pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement. o. Methylene transfer reactions. Use of diazomethane & sulphurylides in the same. p. Mono- & dialkylations in 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds. q. Formation & use of enol ethers, enol acetates & enamines as protective groups & in regiospecific alkylations.

8. Heterocyclic Chemistrv

IUPAC Nomenclature of heterocyclic rings [3-10 membered] containing O, S, & N atoms. Nomenclature of above rings containing mono-,di-, & multiple [same or different] heteroatoms should also be covered. Nomenclature of 2 & 3 fused rings containing mono-, di-, & multiple heteroatoms [same or different] should also be covered. Syntheses & reactions of three to six membered rings in detail. Syntheses of five & six membered rings containing mono- or any di- heteroatoms [O, S, & N]. Syntheses of quinoline, isoquinoline, benzoxole, benzthiole, & benzazole, benzdiazole, benzoxazole, & benzthiazole.

9. Bridged rings

Bridged ring systems & their nomenclature.

10.Kinetic & thermodynamic control

Kinetic & thermodynamic control of sulfonation, enolate anion formation & alkylation of enamine reactions.

11.Stereochemistry

Stereochemistry. Chirality & asymmetry [introduction of the same to S, P, & N]. Definition & classification [different types of isomerisms]. Enantiomers, diastereomers. Enantiomerism & diastereomerism. Meso compounds & their optical activity. Stereochemistry in acyclic compounds. Newman projection formulae & their significance. Conformational analysis of n- butane. Absolute & relative configuration. Assigning R & S configuration based on Cahn Ingold & Prelog system. Racemic mixture- its definition & resolution. Definitions of terms stereoselective, stereospecific, Enantiomeric excess & distereomeric excess. Stereochemistry in cyclic systems. Conformations of cyclohexane. Cis - trans relationship in cyclohexane. Prediction of stability of different conformations of 1, 2- 1,3- & 1,4- disubstituted cyclohexanes. Effect of multiple substitutions on the stability of cyclohexane conformations. Chair conformations of cis-, & trans-decalins, perhydrophenanthrenes, & a tetracyclic steroidal nucleus. An introduction to atropisomerism.

12.Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates. Definition & classification. D & L nomenclature in sugars. Different ways of drawing / representing a sugar molecule [including cyclic Structure], interconversion of these representations. Anomers & epimers. Mutarotation. Reactions of glucose. Chain extension & chain reduction of a sugar.

13.Amino acids & proteins

Amino acids & proteins. Definition & classification. D & L Amino acids, natural, essential, & non-essential amino acids. Denaturation, Strecker, Gabriel phthalamide methods for the preparation of amino acids. Peptide bond & its formation. Two protective groups each, for - NH 2 & - COOH functionalities during protein synthesis. Sequencing of a protein by chemical & enzymatic methods.

14.Organometalic chemistry

Organometalic chemistry [preparation & few reactions] of Cu & Boron.

15.Pericyclic reactions

Pericyclic reactions. Concept of HOMO & LUMO. Drawing of HOMO & LUMO of 1, 3- butadiene, allylic cation, radical & anion, & 1, 3, 5-hexatriene. Meaning of conrotatory & disrotatory. Allowed & disallowed thermal & photochemical reactions. Introduction to sigmatropic, electrocyclic & (4n + 2) cycloaddition reactions. Cope, oxy-cope [Claisen rearrangement], Diel's-Alder & retro Diel's Alder reaction.

g. Antiviral agents including HIV & anti-HIV drugs. h. Thyroid & anti thyroid drugs. i. Antiallergic agents. j. Antiulcer agents & Proton Pump Inhibitors. k. Hypoglycemic agents. l. Antimalerials

7. Different classes of therapeutic drugs

A detailed study of the following classes with respect to drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA] , structure activity relationships [SAR] , wherever applicable, synthesis of simple & prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses & side effects. Drug resistance, wherever applicable, should be covered in respective classes of drugs. a) Sedative-hypnotics b) Antiepileptic agents. c) Neuroleptics. d) Anti-anxiety drugs. e) Diuretics. f) Antibiotics. Penicillins, cephalosporins & other beta- lactam antibiotics like imipenam & aztreonam. Beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid & sulbactum. Chloramphenicol. Tetracyclines. Aminoglycoside antibiotics. Macrolide antibiotics. Lincomycins. Polypeptide antibiotics. Anticancer antibiotics. g) Steroids. Corticosteroids [gluco- & mineralocorticoids] & anti-inflammatory steroids. Sex steroids. Male & female contraceptive agents. Anabolic steroids. h) Anticancer agents.

8. Different classes of therapeutic drugs

A detailed study of the following classes with respect to drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple & prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses & side effects. Drug resistance, wherever applicable, in respective classes of drugs. a) Narcotic [centrally acting] analgesics [analgetics]. Morphine & all its structural modifications [peripheral & nuclear]. Narcotic agonists & antagonists [dual & pure]. Non-narcotic analgesics [NSAIDS]. Difference between narcotic & non- narcotic agents. b) Adrenergic drugs. Neurotransmitters & their role. General & specific adrenergic agonists & antagonists [up to alpha-2 & beta-2 only]. c) Cholinergic agents. Muscarinic & nicotinic cholinergic agonists & antagonists [up to M 2 & N 2 ]. Neuronal [transmission] blockers. d) Drugs used in neuromuscular disorders. Drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Central & peripheral muscle relaxants. e) Hypertensive, antihypertensive, & antianginal agents. f) Eicosanoids. Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, & thromboxanes. Their biochemical role, biosynthesis, & inhibitors.

g) Introduction to quantitative structure activity relationship. [QSAR]. Linear free energy relationship. Hammett's equation. Use of substituent constants such as π, σ, Es, & physicochemical parameters such as pKa, partition coefficient, Rm, chemical shifts, molar refractivity, simple & valance molecular connectivity to indicate electronic effects, lipophillic effects, & steric effects. Introduction, methodology, advantages & disadvantages / limitations of Hansch analysis. h) Asymmetric synthesis. Chirality, chiral pool, sources of various naturally available chiral compounds. Eutomers, distomers, eudismic ratio. Enantioselectivity & enantiospecificity. Enantiomeric & diasteriomeric excess. Prochiral molecules. Asymmetric synthesis of captopril & propranolol. i) Combinatorial chemistry. Introduction & basic terminology. Databases & libraries. Solid phase synthesis technique. Types of supports & linkers, Wang, Rink, & dihydropyran derivatized linkers. Reactions involving these linkers. Manual parallel & automated parallel synthesis. Houghton's tea bag method, micromanipulation, recursive deconvolution. Mix & split method for the synthesis of tripeptides. Limitations of combinatorial synthesis. Introduction to throughput screening.

9. Allergenic extract

Types of allergens, preparation of extract, testing and standardization of extracts.

10.Ayurvedic system of medicine

Theory, basic concept, diagnosis, various branches of treatment in ayurveda, types of drug formulation in Ayurveda and important Ayurvedic drugs and their uses, formulation of asavas, arishtas, watika, churna, tailas, ghruta, lep.

11.Homeopathic system of medicine

Theory, basic concept, diagnosis, treatment, source of homeopathic medicines and important homeopathic drugs and their uses.

12.Biological products

Absorbable and non-absorbable material types, sutures and ligatures, processing, manufacturing, sterilization, packing, QC tests of materials like catgut and nylon.

13.GMP

Introduction to GMP, QC and QA.

14.Pharmaceutical Plant, location, layout

Plant location and lay out of an industry. Various factors affecting locational aspects of chemical and pharmaceutical plants. Layout of plant building and importance of flow sheet, difference between scientific process and technological process, layout of various departments, equipments, and product lay out v/s process layout.

15.Dosage Form Necessities and Additives

Antioxidants, preservatives, coloring agents, flavoring agents and diluting agents, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, ointment bases, solvents, and others.

16.Powders

Advantages and limitations as dosage form, manufacturing procedure and equipments, special care and problems in manufacturing powders, powders of IP, effervescent granules and salts.

17.Capsules

Hard gelatin capsules, shell formulation and manufacturing, capsule sizes, storage, filing, cleaning process general formulation contents and evaluation. Soft gelatin capsules, shell formulation, formulation contents, filing, sealing and storage. Microencapsulation, advantages, encapsulation materials, methods of microencapsulation, I.P. formulations

18.Tablets

Types, ideal requirement, classification, granulation methods, general formulation, compression machines, different types of tooling’s, difficulties in tableting, trouble shooting aspects, evaluation, sugar coating, compression coating, film coating, problems in tablet coatings and their trouble shooting aspects. IP formulations.

19.Parenterals - product requiring sterile packaging

Definition, types advantages and limitations, general formulation, vehicles, production procedure, production facilities, controls, tests, selected IP injections, sterile powders, implants, emulsions, suspensions.

20.Suspensions

Formulation of deflocculated and flocculated suspension, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP suspensions.

21.Emulsions

Types, emulsifying agents, general formulation, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP emulsions.

22.Suppositories

Ideal requirements, bases, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP products.

23.Semisolids

Definitions, bases, general formulation, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP products.

24. Liquids (solutions, syrups, elixirs, spirits, aromatic water, liquid for external

uses) Definition, types, general formulation, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP products.

25.Pharmaceutical Aerosols

Definition, propellants, general formulation, manufacturing and packaging methods, pharmaceutical applications. Impacts of propellants on environment.

26.Ophthalmic preparations

Requirement, formulation, methods of preparation, containers, evaluation, IP products.

27.Preformulations

Consideration of Importance, physical properties, physical forms, particle size, crystal forms, bulk control, solubility, wetting, flow cohesiveness, compressibility, organoleptic properties and its effect on final product consideration of Chemical properties, hydrolysis, oxidation, recemization, polymerization, isomerization, decarboxylation, enzymatic decomposition, formulation additives, stabilizers, suspending and dispersing agents dyes, solid excipients etc. and its effect on quality of finished product.

28.Radio Pharmaceuticals

Therapeutic uses, diagnostic uses, facilities and work area, preparation of radio pharmaceuticals, radio pharmaceuticals used in medicines.

29.Stability of formulated products

PHARMACOLOGY

1. General Pharmacology

Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, scope and source of drugs, dosage form and routes of drug administration. Pharmacodynamics-Mechanism of drug action, Receptors, classification and drug receptors interaction, combined effect of drugs, factors modifying drug action. Pharmacokinetics-Mechanism and principle of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of drugs. Principles of basic and clinical pharmacokinetics. Pharmacogenetics. Adverse drug reactions. Discovery and development of new drugs-Preclinical and clinical studies.

2. Pharmacology of peripheral nervous system

Neurohumoral transmission (Autonomic and somatic). Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, Sympatholytics, Ganglionic stimulants and blockers. Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral). Local anesthetic agents. Drugs used in Myasthenia Gravis.

3. Pharmacology of cardiovascular system

Introduction of hemodynamic and Electrophysiology of heart. Anti-hypertensive drugs, Anti-anginal agents, Anti-arrhythmic drugs. Drugs used in congestive heart failure. Anti-hyperlipidemic drugs. Drugs used in the therapy of shock. Haematinics, anticoagulants and haemostatic agents. Fibrinolytics and antiplatelet drugs. Blood and plasma volume expanders.

4. Drugs acting on urinary system

Diuretics and anti-diuretics.

5. Drugs acting on Respiratory system

Anti-asthmatic drugs, Mucolytics and nasal decongestants, Anti-tussives and expectorants. Respiratory stimulants

6. Pharmacology of central nervous System

Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S with special emphasis on Pharmacology of various neurotransmitters. General anesthetics. Alcohols and disulfiram. Sedatives, hypnotics and centrally acting muscle relaxants, Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety agents, anti-manics and hallucinogens. Anti-epileptic drugs. Anti-parkinsonism drugs. Nootropics. Narcotic analgesics, drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance and dependence.

7. Pharmacology of Endocrine system

Basic concepts in endocrine pharmacology. Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones. Thyroid hormones and ant thyroid drugs, Parathormone, Calcitonin and vitamin-D. Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents and glucagon. ACTH and corticosteroids. Androgens and anabolic steroids. Estrogens, progesterone and oral contraceptives. Drugs acting on the uterus.

8. Chemotherapy

General principals of chemotherapy. Sulphonamides and co-trimoxazole. Antibiotics- Penicillins, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, Macrolides, quinolines and fluoroquinolins, quinolones. Tetracyclines. Aminoglycosides and miscellaneous antibiotics. Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal diseases, viral diseases, AIDS, protozoal diseases, worm infections, urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases. Chemotherapy of malignancy.

9. Autacoids and their Antagonists

Histamine, 5-HT and their antagonists. Prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes. pentagastrin, cholecystokinin, angiotensin, bradykinin and substance P. Analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-gout drugs.

10.Pharmacology of drug acting on the gastrointestinal tract

Antacids, anti-secretary and antiulcer drugs. Laxatives and antidiarrheal drugs. Appetite stimulants and suppressants. Digestants and carminatives. Emetics and antiemetics.

11.Chronopharmacology

Definition of rhythm and cycles. Biological clock and their significance leading to chronotherapy.

12.Immnopharmacology

Immunostimulants and immunosuppressants.

13.Chemotherapy of malignant diseases

Basic principal of chemotherapy. Drugs used in cancer chemotherapy.

14.Peptides and proteins as mediators

General Principal of peptide pharmacology Biosynthesis and regulation of peptides Peptide antagonists. Protein and peptide as drugs.

15.Nitric oxide

Biosynthesis of nitric oxide and its physiological role. Therapeutic use of nitric oxide and nitric oxide donors. Clinical condition in which nitric oxide may play a part.

PHARMACOGNOSY

1. Introductory Pharmacognosy

Historical development, modern concept and scope of Pharmacognosy. Significance of Pharmacognosy in various systems of medicine practiced in India viz: Ayurveda, Unani, Homeopathic and Siddha.

2. Classification of crude drugs

Based on alphabetical, morphological, pharmacological, chemical, taxonomical and chemotaxonomic methods: organized and unorganized drugs: official and unofficial drugs.

3. Sources of crude drugs

Plants, animals and minerals: marine products: plant tissue culture.

4. Factors influencing quality of crude drugs

Exogenous factors: temperature, rainfall, daylight, altitude and soil. Endogenous factors: Mutation, polyploidy, & hybridization in medicinal plants. Production factors including collection, drying, storage and transport methods. Study of morphological and histological characters of crude drugs, Ergastic cell inclusions, anatomical structures of both monocot and dicot stems, leaves and roots: barks, fruits and seeds.

5. Techniques in microscopy

Details of mountants, clearing agents, chemomicroscopic (microchemical) reagents.

6. Introduction to phytoconstituents

Definition, classification, chemical tests and pharmaceutical importance of: carbohydrates and their derivatives, fats and proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, resins, lipids and volatile oils.

7. Principles of plant classification

Diagnostic features and medicinal significance of important plants with special reference to: Algae : Rhodophyceae (Agar, Alginic acid, Diatoms). Fungi : Ergot, Yeast and penicillium. Gymnosperm : Pinaceae (Turpentine, Colophony), Gnetaceae (Ephedra). Angiosperm : Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Leguminosae, Papaveraceae, Acanthaceae and Apiaceae. Pteridophytes: Male fern.

8. Pharmaceutical aids

Biological sources, chemical constituents, adulterants and uses of: Starches, acacia gum, tragacanth, sterculia, guar gum, pectin, arachis oil, castor oil, sesame oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, cotton, silk, wool, regenerated fibers, asbestos, kaolin, prepared chalk, kieselghur.

9. Animal products

Biological sources, chemical constituents, adulterants and uses of: Shellac, cochineal, cantherides, woolfat, lard, beeswax, honey, musk, lanolin, gelatin.

10.Plant products

Introduction to plant bitters, sweeteners, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals and photosensitizing agents.

11.Toxic drugs

Study of allergens, hallucinogens, narcotics, toxic mushrooms

12.Enzymes

Biological sources, preparation, characters and uses of: diastase, papain bromalain, ficin, yeast, pancreatin, urokinase, pepsin, trypsin, pencillinase, hyaluronidase and stryptokinase.

13.Natural pesticides and insecticides

Introduction to herbicides, fungicides, fumigants and rodenticides tobacco, pyrethrum, & neem.

14.Adulteration and evaluation of crude drugs

Different methods of adulteration: Evaluation of drugs by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods. Deterioration of herbal drugs by insects.

15.Quantitative microscopy

Definition and determination of stomatal index, stomatal number, palisade ratio, vein islet number, vein termination number, lycopodium spore method. Micrometers and measurement of microscopic characters.

16.Biogenetic pathways

Formation of primary and secondary metabolites. Study of Calvin cycle, TCA cycle, Shikimic acid pathway, Embden-Mayerhoff pathway, acetate hypothesis, isoprenoid pathway. Biosynthesis of carbohydrates, lipids and volatile oils.

17.Carbohydrates & lipids

Biological sources, salient morphological features, chemical constituents, and uses of: Plantago, bael, chalmooogra oil, neem oil, shark liver oil, cod liver oil, guggul lipids.

18.Tannins

Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, chemical test and uses of: Pale catechu, black catechu, nutgalls, Terminalia belerica, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia arjuna.

19.Volatile oils

Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants and uses of: Black pepper, turpentine, mentha, coriander, cardamom, cinnamon, cassia, lemon peel, orange peel, lemon grass, citronella, cumin, caraway, dill, spearmint, clove, anise, star anise, fennel, nutmeg, eucalyptus, chenopodium, ajowan, sandal wood.