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Gould's Pathophysiology for the Health
Professional FINAL Exam. Question and
Verified Answer 2025 Edition. Graded A
_______________________ indicate(s) a high risk for the development of a certain disease or condition but not the certain development of the disease. - ANS Predisposing factors A chromosomal disorder in which there is a third #21 chromosome is called: - ANS Down syndrome A common complication associated with digestive system disorders involves a significant change in the balance of: - ANSAcids/bases and electrolytes A condition in which the extremities swell due to an obstruction of the lymphatic vessels is called: - ANSlymphedema A dangerous condition in the case of a systemic infection in which pathogens are circulating and reproducing in the blood is referred to as: - ANSSepticemia A disorder in which there is a dilated vein in the spermatic cord that permits a backflow of blood and increased pressure is referred to as: - ANSA varicocele
A disorder of the adrenal glands caused by an excessive amount of glucocorticoids such as hydrocortisone or cortisol is called: - ANSCushing's syndrome A factor that can trigger an acute episode of a condition or disease is referred to as a(n): - ANSPrecipitating factor A form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that is an abnormal, permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles is called: - ANSEmphysema A general term for all types of arterial changes, but most often applied to loss of elasticity of arteries and arterioles, is: - ANSArteriosclerosis A group of genes that are responsible for the production of self-antigens is called the: - ANSMajor histocompatibility complex A major contributing factor to the development of carcinoma of the uterus is: - ANSExcessive estrogen stimulation A method for rapid calculation of the percentage of the body affected by burns that assigns a numerical value to body parts and regions is called the: - ANSRule of Nines A neoplastic blood disorder in which one or more types of leucocytes are undifferentiated, immature, or nonfunctional is referred to as: - ANSLeukemia
A type of diagnostic test that determines effective antibiotic dose for treating a specific infection is called the: - ANSMinimum Inhibitory Concentration method A type of general anesthesia where the patient can respond to commands but is unaware of the procedure and does not experience any discomfort is called: - ANSneuroleptanesia A uterus that is lipped backward and may be excessively curved or bent is referred to as: - ANSA retroverted uterus A venous disorder in which a thrombus forms spontaneously in a vein without prior inflammation is referred to as: - ANSPhlebothrombosis Actions such as limiting UV exposure, refraining from smoking, and using chemotherapy after tumor surgery to help prevent metastases are classified as: - ANSProphylactic measures Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) usually starts as: - ANSAn upper respiratory infection Additional problems associated with certain tumors are referred to as: - ANSParaneoplastic syndromes Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a result of: - ANSDiffuse alveolar and epithelial damage
Aging-related changes in the male reproductive system, such as reduced sperm production, erectile dysfunction, decreased testicular tissue mass, and diminished prostate secretions, are collectively referred to as: - ANSAndropause Among the different types of breast carcinomas, most arise from the: - ANSDuctal epithelium An adrenal cortex disorder most commonly caused by an autoimmune reaction and resulting in a deficiency of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens is called: - ANSAddison's disease An anemia characterized by large, immature, nucleated erythrocytes is called - ANSMegaloblastic anemia An area of dead cells resulting from a lack of oxygen, where the function of the tissue or organ may be lost, is called a(n): - ANSInfarction An open, painful, usually craterlike sore that often results from a severe or prolonged inflammation is called: - ANSAn ulcer Bronchiolitis, a common infection in young children, is caused by: - ANSRespiratory syncytial virus Cells in a malignant tumor appear: - ANSAs irregularly shaped and varying in size
First-aid directives for injury-related inflammation often recommends this four-step approach: - ANSRest, ice, compression, elevation For diagnostic purposes, chromosomes can be lined up forming a graphic called: - ANSA karyotype Fungal infections in which a normally harmless resident fungus becomes a pathogen is called a(n): - ANSOpportunistic infection Gastroenteritis is commonly caused by infection but can also be due to: - ANSAllergic reactions to food or drugs Hair color, eye color, and general appearance are examples of an individual's: - ANSPhenotype Healing of lesions and other tissue damage is often delayed in the elderly as a result of: - ANSA reduced rate of mitosis Heart block occurs when the conduction is excessively delayed or stopped at the: - ANSAV node and bundle of His Hematemesis refers to: - ANSBlood in vomit Hypertension can be classified into the following three major categories: - ANSEssential, secondary, malignant
Hyperventilation as a result of high anxiety or high fever may result in a pH imbalance referred to as: - ANSRespiratory alkalosis Hypokalemia can cause an irregular, abnormal cardiac rhythm referred to as: - ANSDysrhythmias Hypoparathyroidism and malabsorption with effects such as tetany are characteristic of the electrolyte imbalance referred to as: - ANSHypocalcemia Hypoparathyroidism may be caused by: - ANSProblems following surgery, an autoimmune disorder, or congenital defects Immunodeficiency predisposes individuals to infections in general but particularly to microorganisms that are: - ANSOpportunistic In a single-gene, autosomal recessive disorder, in order for the offspring to have the disorder: - ANSBoth parents must have the defective gene In pyelonephritis, the bilateral obstruction caused by the infection often leads to: - ANSAcute renal failure In the blood, about 99% of the oxygen is: - ANSBound to the hemoglobin Inappropriate ADH syndrome causes excess fluid retention and is caused by: - ANSExcess release of ADH
Nephrosclerosis involves vascular changes in the kidney. A dietary change that will help treat this condition is: - ANSDecreased sodium intake Neurologic changes that are typically associated with the aging process include: - ANSAbnormal plaque formation and diminished response to neurotransmitters Nociceptors are: - ANSFree sensory nerve endings One common change in the urinary system that is a result of the aging process, frequent nighttime urination, is termed: - ANSNocturia One of the diagnostic indicators of chronic renal failure is the presence of nitrogen wastes in the blood, referred to as: - ANSAzotemia One of the main differences between the effects of benign tumors and those of malignant tumors is: - ANSBenign tumors rarely cause systemic effects, whereas malignant ones often do. One of the most significant differences between the primary and secondary immune response is that the: - ANSSecondary response happens faster than the primary One of the signs/symptoms of aplastic anemia is flat, red, pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin that bleed excessively and are referred to as: - ANSThrombocytopenia
One treatment that is most effective against rapidly dividing cancer cells is:
- ANSRadiation Osteoarthritis in the elderly can lead to the development of multiple disorders, such as: - ANSObesity and diabetes Pain that lasts several months, often doesn't respond to pain therapy, and often has an unknown cause is referred to as: - ANSChronic pain Pain that originates in the organs and is conducted by sympathetic fibers is called: - ANSVisceral pain Pain that originates in the skin, bone, or muscles and is conducted by sensory fibers is called: - ANSSomatic pain Plaques consisting of lipids, cells, fibrin, and debris, often with attached thrombi that can obstruct arteries and arterioles, are referred to as: - ANSAtheroma's Prenatal diagnosis of thalassemia can be done by: - ANSChorionic villus assay and amniocentesis Prevention of a disease is linked to both the _______________________________ for a specific disease. - ANSetiology and predisposing factors
Substances such as enzymes, antigens, and hormones present in the circulation that can be used for cancer screening, to confirm a diagnosis, or to monitor the clinical course of a malignancy are called: - ANSTumor markers That period when an infectious disease develops fully and all clinical manifestations appear is called the: - ANSAcute period The activities of the digestive system are under: - ANSNeural and hormonal control The actual site of fertilization in a normal pregnancy is the: - ANSFallopian tubes The amount of air moving in and out of the lungs with normal breathing is referred to as the: - ANSTidal volume The blood disorder characterized by an overproduction of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow is referred to as: - ANSPolycythemia The body's capacity to respond and defend against the presence of any foreign substances is called: - ANSImmunity The capacity of an organism to cause disease is referred to as its: - ANSPathogenicity
The combined abnormalities of pulmonary valve stenosis, ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy are part of the congenital abnormality known as: - ANSTetralogy of Fallot The condition of high serum potassium levels as a result of renal failure is referred to as: - ANSHyperkalemia The cough reflex is controlled by the center for coughing in the: - ANSMedulla oblongata The development of blood cells is called: - ANSHematopoiesis The diagnostic procedure in which a small amount of amniotic fluid is extracted and evaluated is called: - ANSAmniocentesis The disorder that involves the presence of an extra X sex chromosome is referred to as: - ANSKlinefelter syndrome The final breakdown of carbohydrates takes place in the: - ANSDuodenum The growth of children is often affected during the acute phase of burn recovery due to - ANSCompromised metabolic needs The hormone that is responsible for triggering the release of an ovum is: - ANSLuteinizing hormone The immunoglobulin that is found in tears and saliva is: - ANSIgA
The most common solid tumor in young men is a result of: - ANSCancer of the testis The narrowing of an aortic or pulmonary valve that restricts the forward blood flow is referred to as: - ANSStenosis The number of new cases of a disease in a given population noted within a stated time period indicates the __________________ of a disease. - ANSincidence The Pap smear is a test used to diagnose the early stages of: - ANSCarcinoma of the cervix The part of the adrenal gland that releases epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin) upon stimulation is the: - ANSAdrenal medulla The passage of fluid, solid particles, or vomitus into the trachea and lungs is referred to as: - ANSAspiration The percentage of blood composed of RBCs is referred to as the: - ANSHematocrit The period of life from old age to death is referred to as: - ANSSenescence
The period of time between entry of the organism and appearance of clinical signs is called the: - ANSIncubation period The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that: - ANSAmplifies the amount of DNA for gene analysis The potential unwanted, usually damaging outcomes of a primary condition or disease, such as paralysis following recovery from a stroke, are referred to as: - ANSSequelae The presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus on structures such as the ovaries, ligaments, or colon is referred to as: - ANSEndometriosis The primary cause of septic shock is: - ANSInfection The primary control centers for breathing are located in the: - ANSMedulla oblongata and the pons The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells is called: - ANSCarcinogenesis The release of hormones is controlled by a feedback system involving: - ANSA sensor, an integrating center, and an effector The sensation of pain in the inflammatory response activates mast cells and basophils to release: - ANSHistamines
The two types of Castleman Disease are: - ANSunicentric and multicentric The type of hepatitis most commonly transmitted by blood transfusions is: - ANSHepatitis C The type of leukocyte that contains chemical mediators and plays an important part in allergic and inflammatory responses is the: - ANSBasophil The type of lymphocyte responsible for the production of antibodies (immunoglobulins) is the: - ANSB lymphocyte The type of research that has produced products referred to as designer drugs is: - ANSProteomic research This group of drugs consists of natural or synthetic steroids (such as hydrocortisone) that are extensively used in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders but that also have significant undesirable side effects such as promoting osteoporosis. - ANSGlucocorticoids TORCH is an acronym for routine prenatal screening that stands for - ANSToxoplasmosis, other (hep B, mumps, etc.), rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes Transplant involving the replacement of a heart valve with a pig heart valve is an example of: - ANSA xenograft
Treatment for nephritic syndrome is focused primarily on: - ANSReducing hypertension and inflammation Two thirds of the water in humans is contained in this fluid compartment: - ANSIntracellular Type 2 diabetes used to be referred to as: - ANSMature onset diabetes Typical causes of dehydration include vomiting, excessive sweating, use of concentrated supplements, and: - ANSDiabetic ketoacidosis Unmyelinated fibers that are involved in the transmission of chronic pain and thus transmit pain impulses slowly are: - ANSC fibers Vesicoureteral reflux, a congenital disorder, is caused by: - ANSA defective bladder valve Viruses that specifically infect bacteria are called: - ANSBacteriophages When leukocytes move in the direction of a chemical stimulus to the inflammation site, this process is called: - ANSChemotaxis When scar tissue restricts the range of movement in a joint, which may eventually result in fixation or a deformity of the joint, this is referred to as: - ANSA contracture
