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Biochemistry: Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways, ATP, Hydrolysis, NAD+, and Fermentation, Quizzes of Cellular and Molecular Biology

Definitions and explanations of key terms related to cellular metabolism, including anabolic and catabolic pathways, atp, hydrolysis, nad+, and fermentation. Anabolic pathways synthesize cellular components and involve a substantial increase in molecular order, while catabolic pathways break down cellular constituents and release free energy. Atp is a universal energy coupler used to connect catabolic reactions to anabolic reactions. Hydrolysis is a reaction where a bond in a molecule is broken by reaction with water, releasing free energy. Nad+ serves as an electron acceptor in cellular reactions, generating nadh and a proton. Fermentation is the process of deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds using an endogenous electron acceptor.

Typology: Quizzes

2010/2011

Uploaded on 03/28/2011

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TERM 1
anabolic pathway
DEFINITION 1
pathways that synthesize cellular components usually
involve a substantial increase in molecular order and
therefore a local decrease in entropy and are endergonic
(energy requiring
TERM 2
catabolic pathways
DEFINITION 2
breakdown of cellular constituents exergonic, typically
involve a decrease in molecular order (increase in entropy).
Often involve hydrolysis or macromolecules or oxidations.
Play two roles in cells: - release free energy to drive cellular
functions - give rise to small organic molecules
TERM 3
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
DEFINITION 3
universal energy coupler used to connect catabolic rx to
anabolic rx adenosine (adenine + ribose) contains
phosphoanhydride bonds & phosphoester bonds
TERM 4
Hydrolysis
DEFINITION 4
any rxn whereby a bond in a molecule is broken by reaction
w/ water free energy released to do work ( concentration,
electrical, synthetic, mechanical) Why so much free energy? -
charge repulsion - resonance stabilization free phosphate
group has one elec. pair delocalized over structure - Entropy
^ overall
TERM 5
NAD+
DEFINITION 5
(Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Purpose: serves as an
electron acceptor by adding 2 e- and 1 H+ to its aromatic
ring, thereby generating the reduced form, NADH, plus a
proton. NAD+ + 2[H] ------> NADH + H+ derivative of niacin:
Vitamin B
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anabolic pathway

pathways that synthesize cellular components usually involve a substantial increase in molecular order and therefore a local decrease in entropy and are endergonic (energy requiring TERM 2

catabolic pathways

DEFINITION 2 breakdown of cellular constituents exergonic, typically involve a decrease in molecular order (increase in entropy). Often involve hydrolysis or macromolecules or oxidations. Play two roles in cells: - release free energy to drive cellular functions - give rise to small organic molecules TERM 3

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

DEFINITION 3 universal energy coupler used to connect catabolic rx to anabolic rx adenosine (adenine + ribose) contains phosphoanhydride bonds & phosphoester bonds TERM 4

Hydrolysis

DEFINITION 4 any rxn whereby a bond in a molecule is broken by reaction w/ water free energy released to do work ( concentration, electrical, synthetic, mechanical) Why so much free energy? - charge repulsion - resonance stabilization free phosphate group has one elec. pair delocalized over structure - Entropy ^ overall TERM 5

NAD+

DEFINITION 5 (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Purpose: serves as an electron acceptor by adding 2 e- and 1 H+ to its aromatic ring, thereby generating the reduced form, NADH, plus a proton. NAD+ + 2[H] ------> NADH + H+ derivative of niacin: Vitamin B

Aerobic Respiration

exergonic process by which cells OXIDIZE glucose to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen as the ultimate electron acceptor, with a significant portion of the released energy conserved as ATP TERM 7

Anaerboic Respiration

DEFINITION 7 Cellular respiration in which the ultimate electron acceptor is a molecule other than oxygen TERM 8

Fermentation

DEFINITION 8 Fermentation is the process of deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds, such as carbohydrates, and using an endogenous electron acceptor, which is usually an organic compound. run manly for NAD+ production TERM 9

Gluconeogenesis

DEFINITION 9 synthesis of glucose from precursors: amino acids, glycerol, lactate; occurs in the liver via a pathway that is essentially the reverse of glycolysis FIGURE 9- TERM 10

Obligate aerobes

DEFINITION 10 organisms with an absolute requirement for oxygen

Alcoholic fermentation

Anaerobic catabolism of carbohydrates with ethanol and carbon dioxide as the end products